Without these nerves, not only would your food be without taste, but you would also be unable to feel either the food or the structures of your mouth. In general, sympathetic activation (the fight-or-flight response) restricts the activity of enteric neurons, thereby decreasing GI secretion and motility. -Secrets digestive enzymes into small intestine -Secretes bicarbonate into small intestine to neutralise stomach acid Appendix -No known digestive function Stomach -stores and mixes food -begins chemical digestion of protein by enzymes and acid -regulates delivary to the small intestine Small intestine -Digests proteins, fats,and carbohydrates Thus, the location of these organs is described as retroperitoneal. What organ propels food down the esophagus? The mucosa is referred to as a mucous membrane, because mucus production is a characteristic feature of gut epithelium. Muscularis mucosaThis thin layer of smooth muscle is in a constant state of tension, pulling the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine into undulating folds. The jejunum is in the middle and the ileum is at the end. Accessory Organs of the Digestive System Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder Pancreas This organ has both endocrine and exocrine functioning in the body. The oral cavity; pharynx (throat); esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine (colon); and the anus. The picture also shows some accessory digestive organs, such as the salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. Even so, the mortality rate for peritonitis still ranges from 30 to 40 percent. Legal. What is the mechanical process of chewing? These intestinal veins, constituting the hepatic portal system, are unique; they do not return blood directly to the heart. The veins that collect nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine (where most absorption occurs) and the spleen, empty into the hepatic portal system. Does the esophagus participate on digestion? The liver stores many substances in addition to glycogen, including vitamins A, D, B12, and K. It also stores the minerals iron and copper. Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system. It is the largest gland in the body. Is a small pear-shaped sac under the liver. In addition, the mucosa has a thin, smooth muscle layer, called the muscularis mucosa (not to be confused with the muscularis layer, described below). Each of these organs either secretes or stores substances that pass through ducts into the alimentary canal. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac that is attached to the visceral surface of the liver by the cystic duct. What are the major organs of the digestive tract? It lies just below the diaphragm to the right of the stomach. Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted from the body in the bile. A broad layer of dense irregular connective tissue, it lies between the mucosa and the muscularis. Cancer Registration & Surveillance Modules, Classification & Structure of Blood Vessels, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Besides the liver, the major accessory organs of digestion are the gallbladder and pancreas. In either case, the bile enters the duodenum through the common bile duct shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\). Measurements reveal that the day back then was $23.5$ hours long. What are the pancreas' exocrine function? Interspersed among its epithelial cells are goblet cells, which secrete mucus and fluid into the lumen, and enteroendocrine cells, which secrete hormones into the interstitial spaces between cells. Triacylglycerols enter the mouth in food and begin breaking down by Lipase. 1. mouth; 2. pharynx; 3. esophagus; 4. stomach; 5. small intestine; 6. large intestine. Accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body. Even after development is complete, they maintain a connection to the gut by way of ducts. The pharynx functions in swallowing and serves as a pathway for the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus. Salivary Glands. The five major peritoneal folds are described in Table 21.2.2 and are shown in Figure 21.2.4, Figure 21.2.5, and Figure 21.2.6. As shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\), the liver is connected to two large blood vessels: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. It is both the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. 1. final steps in digestion It begins the chemical digestion of starches through the action of. Only then does the blood drained from the alimentary canal viscera and the spleen (not a digestive organ) circulate back to the heart. The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. The stones may also travel into the bile ducts and may get stuck in the biliary tree. However, the liver has a wide range of additional functions unrelated to digestion. 32 What is enamel? long that stores and concentrates excess bile secreted by the liver. If bile is not immediately needed for digestion, it flows up the cystic duct to the gall bladder. A description of the pancreas from the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body. 1. The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal, also known as the digestive tract or gastrointestinal (GI) tract. At any given time, the gallbladder may store between 30 and 60 mL (1-2 oz) of bile. (c) 4.444.44 \Omega4.44 ? The rest of this chapter will cover the details of each organ. Watch an ER physician describe gallstones to a patient using Visible Bodys Human Anatomy Atlas. Use the links at the bottom of any email to manage the type of emails you receive or to unsubscribe. What accessory organ creates bile to break down lipids and fats? 1. absorb water It dissolves certain molecules so that food can be tasted. chapter 15 - federal reserve system and open, Anatomical Terms, Body Cavities & Body Fluids, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Main Version, Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. What substance lines the stomach and prevents that stomach walls from being digested by stomach acids and enzymes? The endocrine portion consists of the scattered islets of Langerhans, which secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are not part of the digestive tract, but they have a role in digestive activities and are considered accessory organs. The liver synthesizes glycogen from glucose and stores the glycogen as required to help regulate blood sugar levels. Chemical peritonitis can develop any time the wall of the alimentary canal is breached, allowing the contents of the lumen entry into the peritoneal cavity. Accessory organs of digestion are organs that secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion of food, but through which food does not actually pass as it is digested. Definition: The pancreas is a glandular organ that is part of both the digestive system and the endocrine system. Pancreatic secretions are controlled by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin. In contrast, parasympathetic activation (the rest-and-digest response) increases GI secretion and motility by stimulating neurons of the enteric nervous system. Between those two points, the canal is modified as the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines to fit the functional needs of the body. The pancreas is about 15 cm (6 in.) Chemical digestion in the small intestine relies on the activities of three accessory digestive organs: the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder ( Figure 23.5.1 ). The organs of the digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine and anus. What organs make up the digestive system? The peritoneum, a serous membrane, functions to anchor abdominal organs and provides routes for vessels and nerves along with insulation in specialized regions called peritoneal folds (mesenteries). The human digestive system breaks food down into small molecules that can be used by cells in the body. Some of the components of bile are synthesized by hepatocytes; the rest are extracted from the blood. I have had absoulutly no problem with this app and think its amazing, i love it and use it every day. B12 absorption. The contractions of these layers promote mechanical digestion, expose more of the food to digestive chemicals, and move the food along the canal. Six salivary glands, located around the oral cavity, secrete saliva. Accessory digestive organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas The major layers of the gastrointestinal tract: Mucosa: inner layer lines the gastrointestinal tract simple columnar epithelilium Submucosa: blood vessels glands nerve plexuses (Meissner's plexus) Muscularis: peristalsis nerve plexus (Myenteric plexus) Serosa: Outer layer of connective tissue Once in the mouth, amylase begins working on carbohydrates in food. parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands saliva mixture of mucus and serous fluids. Without these nerves, you would could bite yourself as you chew, an action enabled by the motor branches of cranial nerves. It consists of pancreatic acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes into tiny ducts interwoven between the cells. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body and it is continuously producing bile. A pancreas-secreted enzyme capable of breaking down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol. In adults, the liver normally weighs about 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). Like: B12, A,D,E and K. It also detoxifies many harmful substances (toxins) such as drugs and alcohol. If bile is needed to digest a meal, it goes directly to the duodenum through the common bile duct. The wall of the alimentary canal is composed of four basic tissue layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Consider for example, the interrelationship between the digestive and cardiovascular systems. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Saliva contains water, mucus, and enzyme amylase. Note that during fetal development, certain digestive structures, including the first portion of the small intestine (called the duodenum), the pancreas, and portions of the large intestine (the ascending and descending colon, and the rectum) remain completely or partially posterior to the peritoneum. Medical Insurance Review Chapters 1,2,3,4,12,, CHAPTER 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Building Your M, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Elaine N. Marieb, Lori A. Smith, Susan J. Mitchell. helps form a food bolus contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted. The pancreas is 6-9 inches long and contains cells that produce digestive enzymes. Hormones secreted by several endocrine glands, as well as endocrine cells of the pancreas, the stomach, and the small intestine, contribute to the control of digestion and nutrient metabolism. Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system. Explain why the primary and secondary endosymbiosis events introduced in this section represent the most massive lateral gene transfers in the history of life, in terms of the number of genes moved at once. As shown in the figure below, bile is secreted into small ducts that join together to form larger ducts, with just one large duct carrying bile out of the liver. The main function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body. Bile leaving the gallbladder is 6-10 times more concentrated as that which comes to it from the liver. Accessory Organs of the Digestive System. What are the main functions of the digestive system . Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. What digestive components are found in the mouth? by I Ogobuiro 2021 Cited by 23 - The gastrointestinal tract consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The basic functions of the digestive system include all of the Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The accessory organs include all of the following, EXCEPT: a. tongue b. liver c. pancreas 325 Math Tutors 4.7/5 Star Rating What are accessory organs in the digestive system? In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between? To release enzymes that breakdown proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids into the small intestines. What are two substances produced by accessory organs of digestion that help neutralize chyme in the small intestine, and where are they produced? Peritonitis is life threatening and often results in emergency surgery to correct the underlying problem and intensive antibiotic therapy. Accessory organs are The submucosa contains all of the following except Serosa rigidly fixes the digestive tract organs to the abdominal wall. The alimentary canal includes the buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine large intestine, rectum and anus. Pancreas Among other functions, the pancreas is the chief factory for digestive enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine . The enteric nervous system provides intrinsic innervation, and the autonomic nervous system provides extrinsic innervation. Q. The organs of the alimentary canal are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans synthesize and secrete glucagon. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, a mix of digestive enzymes, water, buffers (bicarbonates), and electrolytes produced by acinar and epithelial cells. From an endocrine standpoint, this organ functions the release of glycogen, insulin and somatostatin--peptide hormones necessary for the maintenance of proper blood sugar levels. Image from OpenStax, CC BY 4.0. . To appreciate just how demanding the digestive process is on the cardiovascular system, consider that while you are resting and digesting, about one-fourth of the blood pumped with each heartbeat enters arteries serving the intestines. Why is it important to develop a scientific hypothesis that is testable? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The digestive system includes the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. What are the jobs of the large intestine? To macerate food into smaller pieces that are easy to swallow. Q. Instead of serosa, the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus have a dense sheath of collagen fibers called the adventitia. The easiest way to understand the digestive system is to divide its organs into two main categories. What part of the alimentary canal excretes waste? Each accessory digestive organ aids in the breakdown of food (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). Bile flows out of the liver into the right and left hepatic ducts, into the common hepatic ducts, and toward the small intestine to help with digestion and the absorption of fats. While the colon has two layers like the small intestine, its longitudinal layer is segregated into three narrow parallel bands, the teniae coli, which make it look like a series of pouches rather than a simple tube. You have two 1010 \Omega10 resistors and one 4040 \Omega40 resistor. The Digestive System. This venous network takes the blood into the liver where the nutrients are either processed or stored for later use. A 10 inch tube that connects the throat with the stomach. Then sent to the small intestine where it is broken down further by the pancreatic enzymes of Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidases A and B. Brush-border enzymes including Dipeptidases and Aminopeptidases finish off metabolism of the protein and the result is Amino Acids, Dipeptides, and Tripeptides. This nutrient rich blood can be processed by the liver before draining into the inferior vena cava on its way to the right ride of the heart. Once the desired food is obtained, the digestive process begins in the mouth with mechanical digestion. Bile is a yellowish alkaline liquid that consists of water, electrolytes, bile salts, and cholesterol, among other substances, many of which are waste products. Gastrin stimulates the secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa. Coagulants essential for blood clotting. What are the 2 divisions of the digestive system? Alimentary Canal Organs Once food products enter the small intestine, the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas release secretionssuch as bile and enzymesessential for digestion to continue. The organ located just beneath the liver and both stores and concentrates bile. It moistens and lubricates food during mastication and swallowing. These accessory organs of digestion play key roles in the digestive process. In the stomach and intestines, it is a simple columnar epithelium. This substance moves out of the glands into the oral cavity through ducts. Because of its strategic location and diversity of functions, the liver is also prone to many diseases, some of which cause loss of liver function. 1. fundus, 2. cardia, 3. body, 4. pylorus, 1. store food I LOVE THIS APP SO MUCHHH, this is the best math app, so easy to use and very accurate. What are the four accessory organs of digestion? Blood that is rich in nutrients from the digestive tract is carried to the liver by the hepatic portal vein. It means to take a negative view, such as envy, maliciousness, or ill will. List pancreatic enzymes that work in the duodenum and the substances they help digest. What part of the small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder? As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes several hormones, including insulin and glucagon, which circulate in the blood. Besides its role as a digestive organ, what other vital functions does the liver have? amylase, which helps to digest starch and other carbohydrates. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology. What organ sends food down to the stomach? b. nucleosomes. The submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) lies in the submucosal layer and is responsible for regulating digestive secretions and reacting to the presence of food (see Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). Pancreatic enzymes include anylase, trypsin, peptidase, and lipase. This tube begins at the mouth and terminates at the anus. The blood vessels subdivide into smaller arteries and capillaries, which lead to the liver lobules. The accessory organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. How much heat is required to vaporize 33.8g33.8 \mathrm{~g}33.8g of water at 100C100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}100C ? What kind of digestion occurs in the oral cavity? Hepatocytes perform most of the functions attributed to the liver, but the phagocytic Kupffer cells that line the sinusoids are responsible for cleansing the blood. 2. absorption of nutrients. This could be a fun way to spend an afternoon - working on math problems! The bile duct system merges with the pancreatic duct before dumping its contents into the duodenum. These proteins have a wide range of functions. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(189659, 'd81c2b40-64cb-4f78-a901-2d949123900d', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); When you select "Subscribe" you will start receiving our email newsletter. The celiac trunk services the liver, stomach, and duodenum, whereas the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply blood to the remaining small and large intestines. (c) Back then, how many days were in a year, the time Earth takes to make a complete revolution about the Sun? View Ch 24 Digestive System flashcards _ Quizlet.pdf from BIOL 2402 at Lone Star College System. This provides the necessary energy to sustain the body. Only through the process of absorption, moving from digestive organs into the blood, do the nutrients in food enter into and nourish the bodys inner space.. 1. water (99%); 2. ions; 3. mucus, 4. enzymes. The enteric nervous system helps regulate alimentary canal motility and the secretion of digestive juices, thus facilitating digestion. Bile contains waste products, making the liver an organ of excretion. A. A digestive system is a group of organs consisting of the central gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its associated accessory organs that break down food into smaller components so that nutrients can be absorbed and assimilated. The oral cavity; pharynx (throat); esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine (colon); and the anus. What are the 2 functions of the small intestine? Saliva is 99% water, but also contains enzymes and proteins that lubricate the oral cavity and begin chemical digestion of food. See our privacy policy for additional details. As shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\), it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach, with the head of the pancreas surrounded by the duodenum of the small intestine. As soon as food enters the mouth, it is detected by receptors that send impulses along the sensory neurons of cranial nerves. If the liver is unable to process or excrete this molecule (from liver damage, excessive RBC destruction, or blockage of the bile ducts), jaundice or yellowing of the skin may occur. How Does the Digestive System Work? The digestive process begins in the mouth. Besides the liver, the major accessory organs of digestion are the gallbladder and pancreas. A hormone stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum signals the gallbladder to contract and force its contents back through the cystic duct and into the common bile duct to drain into the duodenum. These folds dramatically increase the surface area available for digestion and absorption. Bile is a yellowish-green fluid produced by liver cells. Which two body systems include the pancreas? long and shaped like a tapered sac, with the open end continuous with the cystic duct. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) gives a quick glimpse at how these other systems contribute to the functioning of the digestive system. Also called the digestive tract, gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = to nourish) is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length during life and closer to 10.67 meters (35 feet) in length when measured after death, once smooth muscle tone is lost. The nutrients from the GI tract are used to build many vital biochemical compounds, and the wastes from the spleen are degraded and excreted. Pancreatic juice drains through the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) into the common bile duct and then into the small intestine. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. What is partially digested food called when it leaves the stomach? A new refrigerant, R-410a, is a mixture of R-32 and R-125 in a 1:1 mass ratio. Accessory organs of digestion are organs that secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion of food but through which food does not actually pass as it is digested. The image also shows the blood vessels and nerve sandwiched between the two layers called mesentery. Salivary Glands: Definition: Inflammation of the peritoneum is called peritonitis. Aggressive surgery, improvements in anesthesia safety, the advance of critical care expertise, and antibiotics have greatly improved the mortality rate from this condition. When your great grandparents and even your parents were young, the mortality from peritonitis was high. This image shows a cross-section of the upper abdomen with organs labeled as vertebra, kidney, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, stomach, and spleen. The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus . In this system, relative locations closer to the mouth are considered proximal and further from the mouth (closer to the anus) are considered distal. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Quiz: Structure of the Digestive Tract Wall; Digestive Enzymes; Quiz: Digestive Enzymes; The Mouth; Quiz: The Mouth; Function of the Digestive System; Quiz: Function of the Digestive System; Structure of the Digestive Tract Wall; The Pharynx; The Esophagus; Quiz: The Esophagus; Deglutition (Swallowing) Quiz: Deglutition . Assume =0.630(103)Ns/m2\mu=0.630\left(10^{-3}\right) \mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m}^2=0.630(103)Ns/m2. The salivary glands, liver and gall bladder, and the pancreas aid the processes of ingestion, digestion, and absorption. Read on for 10 important facts about the digestive system. Salivary glands saliva producing glands. EpitheliumIn the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal, the epithelium is primarily a non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. The main digestive hormone of the stomach is gastrin, which is secreted in response to the presence of food. Intrinsic (within) innervation of much of the alimentary canal is provided by the enteric nervous system, which runs from the esophagus to the anus, and contains approximately 100 million motor, sensory, and interneurons (unique to this system compared to all other parts of the peripheral nervous system). What are the 3 main salivary glands called? Production of a helium nucleus from a heavy atom is referred to as____ decay. Which of the following organs has a more acidic environment? Whereas liver is an accessory glands. Though not an enzyme, this mixture of BILE SALTS, CHOLESTEROL, and PIGMENTS (especially bilirubin, from the breakdown of hemoglobin) is charged with EMULSIFYING FAT in the duodenum of the small intestine. Each lobule consists of millions of liver cells, called hepatic cells (or hepatocytes). the stomach or the mouth? Research with an extinct type of clams that lived 70 million years ago involves the daily growth rings that formed on the shells. Doing math equations is a great way to keep your mind sharp and improve your problem-solving skills. What type of secretions does the pancreas release as part of each body system? David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy and Physiology, Jett Chinn, Karen Krabbenhoft, Nora Hebert, Olga Malakhova, Ruth Heisler, Charles Welsh, Cynthia Prentice-Craver, David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis, Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Cat Version, Elaine N. Marieb, Lori A. Smith, Susan J. Mitchell, Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 23 - The. Brain (Broadmann's Numbers and Gyrus Function, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Recognizing how these organs work together to digest food is key to understanding how digestion works. How do these organs differ from digestive organs that are part of the GI tract? 2. degrade proteins (muscle and tough connective tissue of meats) The picture below shows all the organs of the digestive tract, a long tube that starts with the mouth, to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and ending at the anus. The pancreas is a large, elongated gland situated behind the stomach and secreting pancreatic juice into small intestine. Which of the following organs is supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa? Digestion Breaks Down Food to Give the Body Energy. The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are considered accessory organs. How does it aid in digestion in the duodenum? A few milliliters of watery fluid act as a lubricant to minimize friction between the serosal surfaces of the peritoneum. Below this point, the alimentary canal is supplied with blood by arteries branching from the abdominal aorta. The basic two-layer structure found in the small intestine is modified in the organs proximal and distal to it. What is the name of the sphincter at the bottom of the esophagus? Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure? The picture below also shows the details in each layer, which will be discussed in the paragraphs below. The lamina propria of the mucosa contains lymphoid tissue that makes up the MALT and responds to pathogens encountered in the alimentary canal. Alimentary Canal Organs Also called the digestive tract, gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = "to nourish") is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length during life and closer to 10.67 meters (35 . Even more severe peritonitis is associated with bacterial infections seen with appendicitis, colonic diverticulitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (infection of uterine tubes, usually by sexually transmitted bacteria). The Digestive Process: The Liver and its Many Functions, Watch an ER physician describe gallstones to a patient. 1. mouth; 2. pharynx; 3. esophagus; 4. stomach; 5. small intestine; 6. large intestine also: pancreas, liver, gallbladder What digestive components are found in the mouth? The gallbladder stores bile, which is produced by the liver, and then concentrates it for future use. Ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, and excretion. This organ is where the compaction of feces happens. The liver is divided into four lobes of unequal size and shape. Q. Bile is released by the gall bladder as needed into the small intestine. On the surface, the liver is divided into two major lobes and two smaller lobes. This process of rapid renewal helps preserve the health of the alimentary canal, despite the wear and tear resulting from continued contact with foodstuffs. The myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) is a network of nerves to stimulate the muscles, lies in the muscularis layer.

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