This is a difficult question to answer definitively, as Bachs musical manuscripts were often not dated. In fact, the singingas is always the case with recitativeis not particularly melodic at all. However, this is the best recording of this specific arrangement that I've been able to find. Home | Terms and Conditions | Site Map | Contact Us | Privacy Policy. Although a congregation might sing the first verse of the chorale in less than two minutes, the first movement of the cantata takes nearly four times as long to perform. Bach seems to have enjoyed the challenge of fugue writing, and he often created subjects that were especially difficult to work with. Bachs pupil Johann Georg Schbler thought the theme was so successful that he made a fugue out of it himself. Actually, this modulation gave me the idea to form this section on the website. Bach's Fugue in G minor, commonly referred to as "Little" Fugue, is an organ piece and one of the composer's best known fugues. It is one of Bach's best known fugues and has been arranged for other voices, including an orchestral version by Leopold Stokowski.[1]. Bars 1-7:Period I. The message is clear: Christians must be prepared for Christs coming. Counter-subject in Treble [G minor].Bars 6-8:Answer in Tenor. The wise virgins, who were prepared for the arrival, were welcomed into the hall, but the foolish virgins were shut out in the darkness. Mr. Hurford uses a 25-disk survey to obtain organs from nine cities and seven countries. Now come, you worthy crown, Lord Jesus, Gods son! It starts with three longer notes, the third one of those being slightly longer than the first two, then falls into faster 8th and 16th notes. It acquired that name to distinguish it from the earlier Little Fugue in G minor, which is shorter. Exposition and instances of second and third counter subjects: At 1:09, I argue that the four note theme in the orange voice (then echoed by the green voice) is the second countersubject. Fugal technique was widely employed in the 18th century. Let us set out definitions first. Mixed Quartet. Baroque organs are not capable of gradual changes in dynamic. Bach Fugue 16 in G Minor BWV 861 Analysis Johann Sebastian Bach's Fugue 16 in G Minor is an example of a conventional fugue.What is interesting about this piece is that the body of the fugue is comprised of fragments of the subject and countersubject. The background music is his Gen Z and young millennials' surprising obsession [BBC]. Bachs G minor Prelude and Fugue is a beautiful and moving work, full of passion and emotion. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The two melodiesone in the strings, one in the tenorsweave around one another in unpredictable and extraordinary ways. This Fugue has a Tonal Answer, and would be called a Tonal Fugue. These cookies do not store any personal information. All of the inventions are a grade 7 or 8 level on the piano (Henle 3-4). Bach, who was married twice, had a total of twenty children, ten of whom survived into adulthood. Guitar (4) 41 votes 'Little' Fugue in G-minor; Clarinet Quartet. The already-dense texture suddenly becomes much more complex. Fugue Analysis- Bach Fugue in G Minor, WTC I David Bennett Thomas 19K subscribers Subscribe 173K views 9 years ago Study composition at The University of the Arts in Philadelphia!. The second movement4 of Sleepers, Wake is a recitative for solo tenor: He comes, he comes, the bridegroom comes! BWV 543 Prelude and Fugue in A minor. Counter-subject in Alto [G sharp minor]. There are still many recordings to be made before the whole of Bachs oeuvre is online. Bars 1-2:Subject in Alto [G minor].Bars 2-4:Tonal Answer in Treble, with Counter-subject in Alto [D minor].Bars 4-5:Codetta.Bars 5-6:Subject in Bass. 1 and 2 Johannes Brahms 1999-01-01 Ambitious in scale, highly . Like Sleepers, Wake (German: Wachet auf), which we will examine, the St. Matthew Passion was a work for choir and orchestra intended for use in a Lutheran church service. As a result of this simple melody and the counterpoint, the score is beautiful and stirring, with skill and precision. BWV 540 Toccata and Fugue in F major. They initially offered the post to a composerGeorg Philipp Telemannwhose music is only seldom performed today, but who at the time was considered to be more fashionable. The most significant such event took place in 1829 when the composer Felix Mendelssohn staged a performance of Bachs St. Matthew Passion in Berlin. Lesson Summary All had gathered together to await the coming of the bridegroom (an allegory for Christ), but the foolish virgins had failed to bring extra oil for their lamps. Sleepers, Wake was performed only once in Bachs lifetime, at Leipzigs St. Nicholas Church. The church music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685- 1750) is quite different from that of Palestrina, however, both because musical tastes had changed in the intervening years and because Bach worked not for the Catholic but for the Lutheran Church. Counter-subject Tenor [F major].Bars 15-16:Answer in Treble. Bachs Little Fugue has all of the hallmarks of a truly remarkable work. Bach introduces the subject in a key outside the tonic-dominant loop of exposition in the 33rd measure by inserting a key outside the tonic-dominant loop. Although today one can hear Bachs music rendered by the best choirs and orchestras in the world, Bach himself was seldom able to arrange for high-quality performances of his music. Who wrote Fugue in G Minor Johann Sebastian Bach What is the texture polyphonic How many instrumental lines are there in a fugue 3 or 4 What is a fugue based upon Principal theme subject What are the three parts to a fugue Exposition, Episodes, Entries What is a fugal exposition All the voices perform the subject for the first time . Also notable is the passage on the text Alleluia, which features excitable melismas in the altos, tenors, and basses. This piece, however, was not just a game for the composer, but is also fun to listen to and to play. So it was an immensely popular piece. This is a well-crafted, well-executed composition that I enjoy listening to. In Period II there is a division at Bar 18 where the Coda is reached. Quadruple meter; in a minor key but ends with a powerful major chord. By GEORGE CARPENTER. solo organ. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. CopyrightTonic Chord. Different kind of blog about music Beethoman, Brahms Piano Quartet op. So when organists refer to this piece as the Little, it is not meant to be denigrating, but is purely to avoid confusion with Bachs other, longer fugue in G minor, BWV 542, the Great. Counter-exposition: None. You may unsubscribe at any time. This page titled 11.4: Johann Sebastian Bach - Fugue in G minor and Sleepers, Wake is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Esther M. Morgan-Ellis with Contributing Authors (University of North Georgia Press) . In volume 4, there is a plethora of powerful Preludes and Fugues. It is one of Bachs most famous fugues and is often used as an example of his contrapuntal technique. Book 1 of Well Tempered Clavier: The Complete Guide to the Series, was released on May 5, 2018. He was principally responsible for music at the St. Thomas Church, but also oversaw music at the citys other three churches. However, today I will focus on one thing that really stands out and marks the modulation point. When he was a young up-and-coming organist in Arnstadt, Bach wrote the Little G minor fugue around 1703 or 1707. REMARKS: Four contrasted figures are used in the compositions of this Prelude: A sustained note with the shake. Stretto is complete i.e., all the voices take part in it. Please turn off your phone, and applaud between threads, not individual posts. Bach Fugue 16 in G Minor, BWV 861 Analysis Johann Sebastian Bach's Fugue 16 in G Minor is an example of a conventional fugue. Four contrasted figures are used in the compositions of this Prelude: Figure 3, quoted above, is also employed by Free Inversion, compare bar 6 (Treble part) and Bar 8 (Bass part) with Bar 2. Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach Composition: Organ Fugue in G Minor (BWV 578) Date: circa 1709 Genre: Organ Fugue Form: Fugue Nature of texture: Bach was able to take the earlier. Bachs cantata reflects on this parable using a variety of musical and dramatic techniques. Lets use this piece to explore the different parts of a fugue, and see how they fit together to make a pleasing piece of music. Bars 7-9: Answer in Bass. Version 1 (3 Tracks) Toccata and Fugue in D minor. Bach accompanies his aria with basso continuo and an obbligato (or obligatory) instrumental solo. In this case, we hear cello, bassoon, organ, and harpsichord. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Bach's Little G minor fugue is thought to have been written between 1703 and 1707. 27 Modulation Analysis. Because Sleepers, Wake is based on a Lutheran chorale, it is a special type of cantata known as a chorale cantata. The pedalboard is typically linked to pipes that sound in the lowest register. We value your privacy. Later, when he grew up, he married twice and . The fugue is tunedful, as a result of its inventive repetition as well as its expressive use of contrast. The fourth and final movement is known as a Presto. Bars 11-19: Period III. Corelli is famous for his sequential gestures, such as the imitation of two voices on an upbeat eighth note figure. A Closer Look At Garth Brooks: Is He Really A Good Guy? Most famously, Bach twice wrote keyboard fugues in every major and minor key. After his father died, he went to live with his older brother. The composer will introduce the subject in each of the voices in turn until all have entered the texture. Counter-subject (slightly altered) in Bass [C minor].Bars 23-24:Answer in Alto. Fugues are an example of this, a type of composition that is typically reserved for advanced instruments. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Bach wrote most of his fugues for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord, which resembles a small piano in appearance but creates sound using quite a different process: When the player depresses a key, it causes a string to be plucked with a quill or piece of hard leather. This fugue is thus highly successful because Bach used a melodically and rhythmically well-designed subject, added a catchy counter-subject to help the ear track whats happening, and incorporates easy-to-follow, standardized chord patterns in-between subject entrances. What is your opinion about this kind of articles? Ending with a Perfect Cadence in the Relative Major. Thank You for your subscription. Bachs second wife, Anna Magdalena, was herself a highly-skilled musician. It can be challenging to pick out the subject, even once it has become familiar. What was Bach's Little Fugue in G minor? During the early years of his employment in Leipzig, J.S. Dominant Pedal (Bars 14-15). Here's the playlist :)https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL613D1A6B3C4BBDF2 . Finally, Bach took the position of music director at the St. Thomas Church in the city of Leipzig, where he remained until his death. Bach's most famous organ works, BWV 578 is nicknamed "little" to distinguish it from another, longer Bach organ fugue in G Minor (BWV 542). Its not just for him. Fugue in G minor, BWV 578, (popularly known as the Little Fugue), is a piece of organ music written by Johann Sebastian Bach during his years at Arnstadt (17031707). Everyone in the congregation at St. Thomas would have known the chorale well and would have instantly recognized the words and music. . This section of the fugue is called the exposition. There are active parts for strings, winds, and voices, and it is seldom possible to identify a single, dominant melody. He is saxophonist, clarinetist and composer. Answer in Alto [E flat major].Bars 20-21:Subject in Bass. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Garth Brooks: The Undisputed King Of Country Music And The GOAT Of Music History. These inventions are a great preparation for the more difficult Bach pieces that involve more than two voices (his fugues are in 3-4 parts). The same it true of Sleepers, Wake, which was created in 1731 for use at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig. (the "Little G Minor") and No. Difficulty 1 (15) Suites and suite movements Overture in G minor, BWV 822 5. The soprano and bass call back and forth to one another, expressing their mutual desire. Masterclass Notes and Accompaniment Tracks, Tonic Chord > Analysis > Bach Well Tempered Clavier Book 1 > Bach: Prelude and Fugue No.16 in G minor, BWV 861 Analysis, Analysis, Bach Well Tempered Clavier Book 1. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. I'll be making more analysis like this, and on other classical art on my new subreddit, r/contrapunctus . C major, BWV 846, Prelude (1' 30") Fugues are difficult to write because the composer must follow complex rules concerning the relationships between the voices. The fugue has four voices, which enter from highest to lowest in the order soprano-alto-tenor-bass. PDF. Bachs Fugue in G minor (often called the Little Fugue in G minor, to distinguish it from others in the same key) has a five-measure subject. Although many of Bachs cantatas are difficult to date, we know that this one was first performed on November 25, 1731. )%2F05%253A_Functional_Music%2F11%253A_Music_for_Spiritual_Expression%2F11.04%253A_Johann_Sebastian_Bach_-_Fugue_in_G_minor_and_Sleepers_Wake, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Bach was also responsible for music at the large St. Nicholas Church in Leipzig. Is it rude to kick a musician out of a practice room if Do basses sing an octave lower than written? We also hear the chorale melody, but it is buried in a dense texture of newly- composed music. Electric guitars have the ability to produce some of the most intricate and beautiful pieces of music. It has two keyboards and a pedalboard, which together give the player access to twenty-one sets of pipes. The concept of a fugue is quite simple: start with a melodic subject heard alone; bring other voices in one at a time, using same melodic subject; toss around various connecting ideas (episodes) while sprinkling in the fugue subject here and there in different keys; then call it a day and cadence (come to rest) in your original key. Photography by Becca Rose Photography 2015. The . The second piece is more tranquil and slower than the first. 90 No. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The episodes of this fugue the in-between material between the subject entrances function to move the piece from one key region to another using what music theorists call sequences. These are chord patterns that cycle through a standardized pattern of chords, usually with repeated melodic and rhythmic material. This fugue by Bach is deceptively simple sounding in how every subject entrance and every connecting episode makes such exquisite aural sense but, having written many short fugues myself for music theory assignments, I can say neither of these things happens easily or without lots of practice! Timeforms, a type of composition that provides greater freedom and creativity when writing music, are an example of this. ), Subject and countersubject in the original key. Robert Huw Morgan plays Bach's Fantasia and Fugue in G minor on the Fisk-Nanney organ at the Stanford Memorial Church in Stanford, California. The main stars of the show are measures 10 and 11. . Both exhort Christians to be prepared for the return of Christ. by Toms | Oct 16, 2022 | Classical Musicians. Counter-subject in Bass [F major].Bars 17-18:Subject in Bass. "Bach's Eight Short Preludes and Fugues have also been attributed to both Tobias and Ludwig [Krebs]; on stylistic grounds neither seems likely." (Hugh J. McLean. This piece is easily accessible in the key of G minor and has a relatively simple playing style. It conjures up a picture of Bach writing enthusiastically and enjoying his own theme while composing. He began by selecting an appropriate Lutheran chorale on which to base his cantata. Early editors of Bach's work attached the title of "Little Fugue" to distinguish it from the later Great Fantasia and Fugue in G minor, BWV 542, which is longer in duration and more challenging to play. Bach's the Art of Fugue & a Companion to the Art of Fugue Donald Francis Tovey 2013-01-01 Complete score of The Art of Fugue plus extensive commentary features all 14 fugues plus the four canons. Famously, Bach was not the city councils first choice for the job. Additionally, they sing in English and therefore add a few notes to accommodate the words. For this reason, Bach needed to produce an appropriate cantata for every Sunday morning Mass and for special services, making for a total of sixty cantatas a year. A figure mostly appearing in four demi-semiquavers (see Bars 8 and 9 in the two upper parts). As he supposedly put it, Why should the devil have all the good tunes?. However, its function was fulfilled (Example 1)! (These rules are not arbitrary, but rather emerged over decades of practice and guide the composer in creating a fugue that sounds good.) ChaipruckMekara. Basso continuo is always performed by some combination of low- pitched instruments and instruments that can play chords. While their phrases never start or end together, the parts always complement one another. Passing back to the Original key, which it grasps firmly with the Tonic. Piano concertos nos. This fugue is known for its elegant demonstration of the form, and is often used as an example for teaching music theory and composition. Bach never wrote an opera and did not think highly of the form, but he often adapted operatic conventions for his own purposes. The Fugue in G minor, BWV 578 (popularly known as the "Little Fugue"), is a piece of organ music in four voices written by Johann Sebastian Bach during his years at Arnstadt (1703-1707). However, scholars believe that the earliest version of Bachs G minor Prelude and Fugue (BWV 535) was likely composed sometime between 1708 and 1717. . The Epistle reading for the 27th Sunday after Trinity is 1 Thessalonians 5: 1-11, while the Gospel reading is Matthew 25: 1-13. Fugue in G minor,BWV 578, "Little" (popularly known as the "Little Fugue"), is a piece of organ music written by Johann Sebastian Bach during his years at Arnstadt (1703-1707). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. During the nineteenth century, E. Power Biggs popularized the concept of recorded organ tours as a way for American audiences to hear music. He would have played his Fugue in G minor at the beginning or end of services, but also on organ recitals that were intended not for worship but for the enjoyment of the audience. He did not write the texts himself, however, but rather selected them from among the works of various theological poets. Bachs Fugue in G Minor for Organ (BWV 578) is unusual in its own right because it is only 54 minutes long. Bachs Toccata and Fugue in D minor is a popular fugue, and it became popular in the twentieth century. If you want to learn some Bach music without spending a lot of time on it, this is an excellent piece for you. This creates an impression of increased activity, even though the tempo does . Let me introduce you to Bachs Fugue in G minor BWV 578. Bach probably composed the "Little" G minor fugue sometime between 1703 and 1707, when he was a young up-and-coming organist in the city of Arnstadt. The subject will appear in many different keys and sometimes in different forms (for example, the melody might be turned upside down) until finally it is heard one last time in the original key and the fugue concludes. A sonata is a particular genre (a solo piece often written for piano and originally intended for amateurs), whereas sonata form is a form that can be used in a variety of genres. One of J.S. Episode I is built upon the second limb of the Subject. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The "Little" G minor's four-and-a-half measure subject is one of Bach's most widely recognized tunes. Bachs cantatas constituted the musical focus for worship at St. Thomas and other churches in Leipzig. He intended the obbligato part in the fourth movement to be performed on the violino piccolo, a type of small violin that is tuned higher than a modern instrument. This fugue is known for its elegant demonstration of the form, and is often used as an example for teaching music theory and composition. One of Bachs final works, entitled The Art of Fugue, was left incomplete at his death but nonetheless demonstrated his ultimate mastery of the technique. Bach selected this chorale because it, too, comments on the parable of the wise and foolish virgins, thereby offering another layer of interpretation. Bachs fortunes shifted in the early 19th century, when German musicians began to revive and popularize his music. Finally, he was obliged to produce music for civic occasions, including commemorations of important events and celebrations of esteemed visitors. This movement is much simpler than the first movement. He preferred participatory music in the language of the congregants. Bach was born in Germany into a large musical family. We will now turn to analysis of fugue. BWV 542 Fantasia and Fugue in G minor ("Great") "6 Great Preludes and Fugues". Short and straightforward, would you like to see more of these in the future? He felt that the city did not provide adequate funds with which to hire the musicians that he needed, and he often had to limit his instrumentation due to budgetary concerns. This Fugue, as well as pretty much every Bachs Fugue has many interesting aspects. Bach dedicated most of his energy to the creation of Lutheran church cantatas. Certainly, the most conspicuous Ive heard in the past two or three weeks. Most organs have multiple keyboards, each of which can be linked to one or more sets of pipes. Underpinning everything is the basso continuo, a feature of almost all music composed in the Baroque era (1600-1750). Composer: Johann Sebastian Bach Performance: American Bach Soloists (2007). MOTley Morris uses this "tune" for the dance Northumberland Musketeers.. See the Downloads section for sheet music (PDF) or MIDI files. $7.95. Because the third movement is based in operatic conventions, it has the da capo form of an opera aria. An ornamental figure including two demi-semiquavers (thrity-second notes) (see Bar 2). . Instead of creating a trivial modulation using any of the common chords, he used the whole new key as a transition one. May gloria be sung to you from Sleepers, Wake. Bach also wrote fugues for solo string instruments, orchestra, and choir. Bars 5-7: Subject in Treble. He is esteemed by many as the greatest composer of all time (although, as will be discussed in the final chapter of this book, it is nearly impossible to define greatness in music). By the 19th century organs had become enormous instruments capable of producing a great range of volumes and timbres. of the angels on high around your throne. Please tell me in the comments! An analysis submitted to Professor Gary Turner In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Music Theory II: Applications Spring Quarter A major difficulty in the study of fugue is the diversity found among fugues. We will examine two pieces of church music from two different parts of his career. We will see Bachs approach to cantata composition in Sleepers, Wake. It is one of Bach's best known fugues and has been arranged for other voices, including an orchestral version by Leopold Stokowski. Fugue in G minor "Little" Johann Sebastian Bach About this Piece Composed: c. 1705 Length: 4 minutes Orchestration by Stowkoski: 2 flutes, alto flute, 2 oboes, English horn, E-flat clarinet, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, 2 tubas, bass drum, timpani, harp, and strings The material within the episodes are a unique to this fugue. The Recitative and Postlude are both quiet and meditative pieces, while the Postlude is a peaceful and calming conclusion. Bachs intricate melodies and haunting romanticism are on full display in the Little Fugue. Beethoven Piano Sonata Op. First we hear the sopranos with the familiar chorale melody. After his first year on the job, Bach could have begun to reuse old cantatasbut instead he completed a whole second cycle and most of three additional cycles. Bachs most famous organ works, BWV 578 is nicknamed little to distinguish it from another, longer Bach organ fugue in G Minor (BWV 542). A short arpeggio figure (see Bar 1, Tenor part). Little Organ Book. In practice, this means that the soprano part is borrowed, but the alto, tenor, and bass parts are original. () () Now, in measures 10-11, the comes approaches to its end and the musical flow should modulate back to its original G minor so the third voice could perform the dux once again. Richard Hurfords eight volumes are divided into several sections. You agree by using the website further. ANALYSIS OF J.S. The date of creation is debated, with the actual period speculated to be before 1708. Following an education in Eisenach, he took a series of five professional posts. The subject is a simple melody with a catchy melody, the counterpoint is intricate and skillful, and the composition is well-crafted. Her light becomes bright, her star rises. Listen! The subject of this fugue the first thing you hear in the recording is not notably interesting, but it is well-crafted according to Baroque conventions. where are you, wise virgins? All organs work by blowing air through pipes, which might be made out of wood or metal, be of various shapes, or contain reeds. This melody is called the subject. Zion hears the watchmen sing from Sleepers, Wake 2. Although forty minutes of choral music might seem excessive, the services themselves lasted four hours. In a well-crafted fugue, sequences are relaxing moments when the ear can drift along without surprises, until the next time the primary subject and countersubject come back in. Subject in Tenor [G minor].Bars 29-30:Subject in Bass, completing the Stretto [G minor].Bars 31-33:Subject in Alto [G minor].Bars 32-33:Counter-subject in Bass.Bars 33-34:Subject in Tenor, with which the Fugue ends, without Coda, Tierce de Picardie [G major]. And we can't complete the task without the financial support of our patrons. His two collections, known as The Well-Tempered Clavier Book I (1722) and Book II (1742), were intended to demonstrate a new method for tuning the harpsichord.

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