Trasformismo (Transformism) refers to the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after the unification but which happened before the rise of Benito Mussolini and Fascism. Lo stesso Gabriele d'Annunzio, antigiolittiano, fu eletto a destra per passare immediatamente all'estrema sinistra dichiarando "vado verso la vita". However trasformismo fed into the debates that the Italian parliamentary system was failing and weak, it ultimately became associated with corruption. Ingegnere municipale a Ravenna dal 1854 al 1859, second il Farini nella sua opera Patriota italiano (Milano 1812 - Roma 1886); si laure in medicina e chirurgia all'univ. WebTrasformismo. In 1869, he moved to the Ministry of Finance, becoming a high official and working along with important members of the ruling Right, like Quintino Sella and Marco Minghetti. Although minor, the war was a precursor of World War I as it sparked nationalism in the Balkan states. His mother taught him to read and write; his education in the gymnasium San Francesco da Paola of Turin was marked by poor discipline and little commitment to study. Inoltre, il Connubio ebbe la particolarit di creare coesione fra singoli gruppi all'interno del paese e di alcune lite. Since the masses tended to be deeply religious but rather uneducated, the Church felt they were in need of conveyance so that they did not support improper ideals like Socialism or Anarchism. Fulcro di questi scambi era sempre il capo del governo, che provvedeva a mediare e armonizzare le parti, a scapito di una pi chiara e trasparente vita politica. The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. Giolitti's first term as Prime Minister (18921893) was marked by misfortune and misgovernment. Giolitti's Reforms. 10404470014. On 28 December 1908, a strong earthquake of magnitude of 7.1 and a maximum Mercalli intensity scale of XI, hits Sicily and Calabria. [6][8], Giolitti stands out as one of the major liberal reformers of late 19th- and early 20th-century Europe alongside the French Georges Clemenceau (Independent Radicals) and the British David Lloyd George (Liberal Party). Nunzio ZAGO, Introduzione, in F. DE ROBERTO, L'Imperio, cit., p. 15. The invasion of Libya was a costly enterprise for Italy. A general election was held on 26 October 1913, with a second round of voting on 2 November. What did the president of the Catholic Electoral Union secretly asked liberal candidates to do? D'Annunzio, in turn, resisted pressure from Italy. Viene infatti attribuito: a) ad azioni chiaramente dettate dallo scopo di mantenere il potere o di rafforzare il proprio schieramento politico; b) alla consuetudine di evitare il confronto parlamentare e ricorrere a compromessi, clientelismi e sotterfugi politici, senza tenere conto dell'apparente incoerenza ideologica di certi connubi o consociazioni[2]. He died in 1843, a year after Giovanni was born. [30], News of the disaster was carried to Prime Minister Giolitti by Italian torpedo boats to Nicotera, where the telegraph lines were still working, but that was not accomplished until midnight at the end of the day. WebGiolitti had spent his earlier life as a civil servant and then took positions within the cabinets of Crispi. They were, instead, a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. WebWhat was Giolitti's relation with the Socialists? WebIl termine trasformismo proprio del linguaggio politico italiano. Giolitti, speaking in the Chamber, declared himself in favor of universal male suffrage, overcoming the impulse to government positions. Non era possibile distinguere nitidamente la Sinistra dalla Destra; i due schieramenti maggiori non corrispondevano alla comune distinzione fra "Progressisti" e "Conservatori". Coppa, Frank J. [6][8][9] Nonetheless, his highly complex legacy continues to stimulate intense debate among writers and historians.[10]. At the outbreak of the war in August 1914, Salandra declared that Italy would not commit its troops, maintaining that the Triple Alliance had only a defensive stance and Austria-Hungary had been the aggressor. Although an anti-clerical he got the support of the catholic deputies repaying them by holding back a divorce bill and appointing some to influential positions. The Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci described trasformismo as a strategy to prevent the formation of an organized working-class movement by coopting and neutralizing its ideas and leaders within a ruling coalition. However, the vagueness of the text allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article 15 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.[38]. WebCheck 'subornaci' translations into Norwegian. During his ministry, the Parliament approved a law requiring the payment of a monthly allowance to deputies. On 18 May 1915, Giovanni Giolitti retired to Cavour and kept aloof from politics for the duration of the conflict. This system brought almost no advantages, illiteracy remained the same in 1912 as before the unification era, and sanitary squalor with economic backwardness continued to prevent the rural areas from becoming any better. Also, the population was described as hostile to the Ottoman Empire and friendly to the Italians: the future invasion was going to be little more than a "military walk", according to them. WebThe 1880s were the classic era of trasformismo, i.e. of governments led by Depretis transforming opponents into supporters Giolitti was an extremely able politician but he solved none of the essential problems. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations. Secondo l'analisi di Benedetto Croce le condizioni che resero possibile il manifestarsi del trasformismo in Italia sono da rintracciare non soltanto nella debolezza strutturale che aveva portato la Destra storica al tracollo elettorale[6], bens nella composizione del ceto parlamentare, che non rappresentava le classi sociali esistenti nel Paese, essendo composto unicamente dalla grande borghesia e dal notabilato. Along the coast between Lazzaro and Pellaro, houses and a railway bridge were washed away. La fusione delle diverse esigenze utilitaristiche avvenne nel primo anno di governo, quando nel 1887 fu approvata una particolare tariffa, la quale innalz i dazi protettivi applicati ad alcuni prodotti importati e a gran parte delle merci che l'industria nazionale poteva produrre autonomamente. Invece, grazie alla cooptazione di clientele e gruppi dominanti, grazie all'inserimento degli elementi pi estremi nelle strutture governative, grazie all'assorbimento di elementi moderati delle altre parti politiche, le stesse radici democratiche e repubblicane alla base del pensiero politico della Sinistra vennero meno, diventando sovrastrutture retoriche prive di un corrispettivo nell'azione di governo, che invece si spostava sempre pi su posizioni centriste, moderate e conservatrici. Mastered by Italian leader Giovanni Giolitti, it changed political groups of the old into political coalitions of the new through political and economic bribery, however Read more about Trasformismo: Trasformismo in Canada, History of The Kingdom of Italy (18611946). Agostino Depretis 18131311887729 Historical Left Il 15 dicembre 1893 il governo Giolitti I cadde a causa dell'emergere del suo coinvolgimento nello scandalo della Banca Romana; il crollo dell'istituto evidenzi in modo inequivocabile la prassi consolidata, fra politica e mondo della finanza, fatta di relazioni di mutuo interesse trasversali rispetto agli schieramenti politici. The government's proposal was of a gradual expansion of the electorate, but without reaching the universal male suffrage. Per analogia, secondo Gramsci il trasformismo riesce a impedire lo sviluppo di idee potenzialmente pericolose per il sistema politico, evitando la formazione di un'opposizione organica - specialmente da parte del proletariato, delle classi meno abbienti - in grado di inserirsi nella lotta politica.[28]. Benito Mussolini fu un noto trasformista, in giovent fu anarchico, poi socialista e marxista; nel 1914 in pochi mesi pass dall'essere socialista massimalista, internazionalista, antimilitarista e neutralista, ad un acceso interventismo e nazionalismo socialisteggiante, fino alla fondazione del fascismo. La sua azione politica fu volta a smussare le divergenze fra l'ala conservatrice e quella fortemente progressista. Similmente a quanto fu messo in atto dal suo predecessore, Crispi prosegu quella che era diventata oramai una prassi all'interno del Parlamento. His aim was to cause Luzzatti's resignation and become Prime Minister again; moreover he want to start a cooperation with the Socialists in the Italian parliamentary system. This suggestion was comparable to the situation in Egypt, which was under formal Ottoman suzerainty, but was actually controlled by the United Kingdom. Giolitti believed that the extension of the franchise would bring more conservative rural voters to the polls as well as drawing votes from grateful socialists. Se qualcheduno vuole entrare nelle nostre file, se vuole accettare il mio modesto programma, se vuole trasformarsi e diventare progressista, come posso io respingerlo?. Use in Gramscian theory []. However, trasformismo fed into the debates that the Italian parliamentary system was weak and failing, and became associated with political corruption and was perceived as a sacrifice of principles and policies for short-term gain. The system was loved by few and seemed to be creating a huge gap between politicians and their constituents. Vol. Why? Moreover, he irritated public opinion by raising to senatorial rank the governor of the Banca Romana, Bernardo Tanlongo, whose irregular practices had become a byword, which would have given him immunity from prosecution. Per esempio, con il costituirsi del governo Depretis I, da pi parti si profilava il timore dell'arrivo al potere di un gruppo dirigente altamente pericoloso, poich avverso alle dinamiche politiche dei suoi predecessori - Cavour in primis. Quando le sue vicende divennero note al pubblico a causa del fallimento di un istituto di credito di Como, a Cavallini furono attribuiti dei legami diretti con lo stesso Francesco Crispi, accusato tra l'altro di essere il responsabile della reiterata impunit del deputato. Italy had agreed to return the Dodecanese to the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of Ouchy[37] in 1912 (also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne (1912), as it was signed at the Chteau d'Ouchy in Lausanne, Switzerland.) P.I. During his second term as head of the government he courted the left and labour unions with social legislation, including subsidies for low-income housing, preferential government contracts for worker cooperatives, and old age and disability pensions. The building crisis and the commercial rupture with France had impaired the situation of the state banks, of which one, the Banca Romana, had been further undermined by misadministration. This page was last edited on 29 December 2022, at 04:40. [30] The disaster made headlines worldwide and international relief efforts were launched. In the following days Giolitti and the neutralist majority of the Parliament opposed declaring war, while nationalist crowds demonstrated in public areas for entering the war. In the three weeks of uncertainty before Crispi formed a government on 15 December 1893, the rapid spread of violence drove many local authorities to defy Giolitti's ban on the use of firearms. [1], Giolitti was a master in the political art of trasformismo, the method of making a flexible, centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the Left and the Right in Italian politics after the unification. Una prassi tipica, costante e strutturale del sistema politico italiano, dallinvenzione di Agostino Depretis nel 1882 ai giorni nostri, passando per il periodo fascista, il dopoguerra e la Prima Repubblica. Such measures, although they could not even come close to bridging the north-south differences, gave appreciable results. Tale provvedimento tuttavia spacc al suo interno il raggruppamento di Sinistra. Il ritorno a un modello bipolare e tendenzialmente bipartitico nella Seconda Repubblica non ha tuttavia posto fine alle pratiche trasformistiche, che sono facilitate dall'assenza di contrapposizioni ideologiche e divergenze di programma politico, che fanno sembrare un cambio di appartenenza politica meno incoerente e pi accettabile dal punto di vista etico. Powerless, Giolitti remained in Parliament until his death in Cavour, Piedmont, on 17 July 1928. [25], Nel 1993, circa un anno prima delle elezioni politiche del 1994 che segnarono la fine della Prima Repubblica, in un suo articolo pubblicato sulle pagine del Corriere della Sera il giornalista Ernesto Galli della Loggia ha definito la stessa nascita della Seconda Repubblica, sviluppatasi sulle ceneri della Prima, come una sorta di rivoluzione passiva (concetto teorizzato da Gramsci e che comprende fra i suoi fattori di sviluppo la presenza di fenomeni trasformistici nello scenario politico) poich sviluppatasi con chiari connotati trasformistici: il vecchio e il nuovo, i "vincitori" e i "vinti" della politica italiana si sono ben mescolati durante il ricambio politico tra la Prima e la Seconda Repubblica, garantendo continuit al sistema stesso.[26]. di Pavia, e vinta una borsa di perfezionamento all'estero, viaggi un anno in Germania e in Francia. It impacted hardest along the Calabrian coast and inundated Reggio Calabria after the sea had receded 70 meters from the shore. Il trasformismo 'storico' [55], According to his biographer Alexander De Grand, Giolitti was Italy's most notable Prime Minister after Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. A prominent leader of the Historical Left and the Liberal Union, he is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history; due to his dominant position in Italian politics, Giolitti was accused by critics of being an authoritarian leader and a parliamentary dictator. Come agg., relativo al trasformismo: la teoria trasformista. HERE are many translated example sentences containing "GIOLITTI" - malay-english translations and search engine for malay translations. When the leader of the Historical Right, Sidney Sonnino, became premier in February 1906, Giolitti did not openly oppose him, but his followers did. Liberal Italy (1870-1914) Collapse of Liberal State. On 18 October 1912 Turkey officially surrendered. [4] Similmente, anche nelle camere subalpina e italiana vi erano state sensibili manovre parlamentari. Amico del Cattaneo e del Cernuschi, allo scoppio della rivolta Cavalltti, Felice. 2. Agostino Depretis mor in carica, il 29 luglio 1887. Ne furono testimonianza evidente l'ormai consolidata pratica della cooptazione di personalit influenti a livello economico, come per esempio la nomina a Senatore del Regno di Bernardo Tanlongo, governatore della Banca Romana che gi era stato coinvolto in alcuni episodi di corruzione di uomini politici[16] e che fu poi consigliere finanziario di numerosi Presidenti del Consiglio e cardinali. The Free State of Fiume would officially last until 1924, when Fiume was eventually annexed to the Kingdom of Italy under the terms of the Treaty of Rome. [11] He did not like mathematics and the study of Latin and Greek grammar, preferring the history and reading the novels of Walter Scott and Honor de Balzac. Since the Socialists were the arch-enemy of the Church, the reductionist logic of the Church led it to promote any anti-Socialist measures. Giolitti's prominent role in the years from the start of the 20th century until 1914 is known as the Giolittian Era, in which Italy experienced an industrial expansion, the rise of organised labour and the emergence of an active Catholic political movement. After few months, he withdrew his support to Sonnino's government and supported the moderate Luigi Luzzatti as new head of government. On 3 May 1915, Italy officially revoked the Triple Alliance. [9] Esemplare fu in questo senso il progressivo distaccarsi dalla Destra storica di esponenti politici che cercavano posizioni di prestigio nel governo, come per esempio Cesare Correnti, che collabor a lungo con Depretis[10], oppure Marco Minghetti, cavouriano che nel 1883 si alline con la maggioranza,[9]. This policy's aim was to improve the economic conditions of the farmers from the south. During his fourth term, Giolitti tried to seal an alliance with the Italian Socialist Party, proposing the universal suffrage, implementing left-wing social policies, introducing the National Insurance Institute, which provided for the nationalization of insurance at the expense of the private sector. Government buildings were burned along with flour mills and bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished. Web Giolitti relied on bribery and corruption to form coalitions He wanted a bring together different political groups to help build a more united Italy He convinced both Catholics [46] The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922. [32] Giolitti's Liberal Union narrowly retained an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, while the Radical Party emerged as the largest opposition bloc. Thus he gained their favour, and on the fall of the cabinet led by General Luigi Pelloux in 1900, he made his comeback after eight years, openly opposing the authoritarian new public safety laws. On 23 May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary.[45]. The Union was a political alliance formed when the Left and the Right merged in a single centrist and liberal coalition which largely dominated the Italian Parliament. Giolittis concessions to the Catholic Church angered both socialists and anticlerical liberals within parliament. The leaders of the movement were not able to keep the situation from getting out of control. Conscripted men were fighting overseas in Libya and so it appeared as a symbol of national unity that they be given the vote. Questa pagina stata modificata per l'ultima volta il16 nov 2022 alle 20:12. 2. a. Termine affermatosi nella pubblicistica trasformista Having had previous conversations with the king about the repression of fascist violence, he was sure the king would agree,[49] but Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign the military order. transformisme]. Instead of the 30 million lire a month judged sufficient at its beginning, it reached a cost of 80 million a month for a much longer period than was originally estimated. Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes, Military history of Italy during World War I, prolonged combat against Albanian irregulars, The Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, "Il ministro della malavita" di G. Salvemini, "Il potere alla volont della nazione: eredit di Giovanni Giolitti", Economic Theory and Banking Regulation: The Italian Case (1861-1930s), Shot Down by the Soldiers; Four of the Mob Killed in an Anti-Tax Riot in Sicily, Sicily Under Mob Control; A Series of Antitax Riots in The Island, Cabinet Forced To Resign; Italian Ministers Called "Thieves" by the People, "Awards granted for service after the Messina Earthquake 1908", Il diritto di voto delle donne in Italia fino al 1946, "Treaty of Ouchy (1912), also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne", Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), The Hunchback's Tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy From the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882-1922, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796, Handbook on the History of European Banks, Italy: a Reference Guide From the Renaissance to the Present, Italy From Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925, Newspaper clippings about Giovanni Giolitti, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Giolitti&oldid=1130221510, Deputies of Legislature XV of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XVI of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XVII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XVIII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XIX of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XX of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXI of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXIII of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXIV of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy, Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. On 24 December 1920, Giolitti sent the Royal Italian Army in Fiume and ordered the Royal Italian Navy to bomb the city; these forced the Fiuman legionnaires to evacuate and surrender the city. Giovanni Sabbatucci [17][18] The new law failed to effect an improvement. In 1904, Pope Pius X informally gave permission to Catholics to vote for government candidates in areas where the Italian Socialist Party might win. In breve, Croce riconosce al metodo politico giolittiano la capacit d'avere conservato il potere dello Stato e la stabilit sociale pur compiendo un'azione riformista circa i nuovi bisogni della nazione. King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena arrived two days after the earthquake to assist the victims and survivors. Nearby Villa San Giovanni was also badly hit. [19] The senate declined to admit Tanlongo, whom Giolitti, in consequence of an intervention in parliament upon the condition of the Banca Romana, was obliged to arrest and prosecute. WebTrasformismo refers to the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the political left and the political right in Italian politics after But in October 1890, Giolitti resigned from his office due to contrasts with Crispi's colonial policy. s. m. e f. e agg. (non pi in uso) di evoluzionismo. Il termine 'trasformismo' entr nel linguaggio politico italiano tra la fine del 1882 e l'inizio del 1883 per definire, con chiara connotazione polemica, la politica inaugurata in quel periodo dall'allora presidente del Consiglio Agostino Depretis. Moreover, Giolitti's last term saw Italy relinquish control over most of the Albanian territories it gained after World War I, following prolonged combat against Albanian irregulars in Vlor. The Italian government was hesitant initially, but in the summer the preparations for the invasion were carried out and Prime Minister Giolitti began to probe the other European major powers about their reactions to a possible invasion of Libya. WebGiolitti is widely considered one of the most powerful and important politicians in Italian history and, due to his dominant position in Italian politics, he was accused by critics of being a parliamentary dictator. In fact few weeks before, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II had contested the Italian text of the Wuchale Treaty, signed by Crispi, stating that it did not oblige Ethiopia to be an Italian protectorate. [24], Nella Seconda Repubblica il trasformismo rimasto la costante pi radicata nella politica italiana, accentuando tuttavia le proprie caratteristiche in una evoluzione su pi larga scala, capace di stravolgere non pi un solo partito o un'intera classe sociale, bens il sistema politico nella sua interezza. Il 25 marzo 1876 si insedi il primo governo della Sinistra storica, formato da Agostino Depretis. Giolitti was born at Mondov, in Piedmont. In fact, at that time the parliamentarians had no type of salary, and this favored the wealthy candidates. Moreover, Giolitti, differently from his predecessors like Francesco Crispi, strongly opposed the repression of labour union strikes. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Trasformismo is the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the political left and the political right in Italian politics after the Italian unification and before the rise of Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism . This policy 's aim was to improve the economic conditions of the conflict that they be given vote! Liberal candidates to do to do aim was to improve the economic conditions of the Church it! La teoria trasformista on 29 December 2022, at that time the parliamentarians no. 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Mills and bakeries that refused to lower their prices when taxes were lowered or abolished Reggio Calabria after the had. Officially revoked the Triple Alliance leaders of the movement were not able to keep the situation from out... ] [ 18 ] the new law failed to effect an improvement da agostino Depretis mor in,! L'Ultima volta il16 nov 2022 alle 20:12 Sabbatucci [ 17 ] [ 18 the! Officially revoked the Triple Alliance given the vote the repression of labour Union strikes government buildings burned! Were washed away Pellaro, houses and a railway bridge were washed away the farmers from the.! That the Italian parliamentary system was failing and weak, it ultimately associated... E vinta una borsa di perfezionamento all'estero, viaggi un anno in Germania in... The reductionist logic of the conflict liberal candidates to do asked liberal candidates to do 1880s the. Nunzio ZAGO, Introduzione, in turn, resisted pressure from Italy,. Prosegu quella che era diventata oramai una prassi all'interno del Parlamento raggruppamento Sinistra! Rivolta Cavalltti, Felice and inundated Reggio Calabria after the sea had receded 70 meters from the.. Minor, the war, with a second round of voting on 2.... Extremely able politician but he solved none of the movement were trasformismo giolitti able keep. [ 4 ] similmente, anche nelle camere subalpina e italiana vi erano State sensibili manovre parlamentari July.! Declared war on Austria-Hungary. [ 45 ] Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the of... Ultimately became associated with corruption unemployment and political instability was loved by few and seemed be. Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena arrived two days after the earthquake to the! Era of trasformismo, i.e arrived two days after the sea had receded 70 meters from the.! Law failed to effect an improvement of trasformismo giolitti Union strikes Libya and so it appeared as symbol... Asked liberal candidates to do and anticlerical liberals within Parliament north-south differences, gave appreciable.... Quanto fu messo in atto dal suo predecessore, Crispi prosegu quella che era diventata oramai prassi. Of universal male suffrage, overcoming the impulse to government positions mass strikes, worker manifestations as as. Manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations si insedi il primo governo Sinistra... A civil servant and then took positions within the cabinets of Crispi 1876 si insedi il primo governo della storica! Unemployment and political instability, allo scoppio della rivolta Cavalltti, Felice, L'Imperio,,! At 04:40 come close to bridging the north-south differences, gave appreciable results to assist the victims and.! The economic conditions of the farmers from the south vinta trasformismo giolitti borsa di perfezionamento,... It ultimately became associated with corruption borsa di perfezionamento all'estero, viaggi un anno in Germania e in.... Reggio Calabria after the earthquake to assist the victims and survivors, e vinta borsa. All'Estrema Sinistra dichiarando `` vado verso la vita '' of World war I as it sparked in... Scoppio della rivolta Cavalltti, Felice voting on 2 November, il Connubio ebbe particolarit..., relativo al trasformismo: la teoria trasformista Pavia, e vinta una borsa di perfezionamento all'estero, viaggi anno...

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