Among the range of liquids, viscoelastic liquids have the worst stability because under low frequencies the phase angle is escalating A high phase angle signifies that the material and the suspended particles can sediment and settle if left long enough. Inthe following section we sampl. The International Academy of Rheology by Anton Paar offers you the opportunity to broaden your knowledge and improve your skills in the field of rheology. where q is "sample heat flow", T is "temperature difference between sample and reference", and R is "resistance of thermoelectric disk". Cure characteristics are attained through instruments like a Moving Die Rheometer (MDR). The following holds for the phase shift: = 0 for ideally elastic deformation behavior and = 90 for ideally viscous flow behavior (Figure 9.8). Rheology testing and advice for hyaluronic acid formulations, Courses in Rheology and Viscosity Testing. Typical rheological studies are carried out either to characterize an interesting material or to better understand a particular industrial, environmental, or biological process. A yield stress (Figure 2) generally indicates a solid like behavior at rest which can prevent settling. The measuring results of amplitude sweeps are usually presented as a diagram with strain (or shear stress) plotted on the x-axis and storage modulus G' and loss modulus G'' plotted on the y-axis; both axes on a logarithmic scale (Figure 2). This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Malvern Panalytical. Definition: G = / with shear modulus G, shear stress (in Pa), and shear strain or shear deformation (with the unit 1). Traditionally, capillary rheometers have been used to measure the shear viscosity and elasticity of viscous materials at high shear rates. Polymer rheological testing and analysis: Figure 9.7: For viscoelastic behavior, the sine curves of shear strain and shear stress show a phase shift, as can be seen from the time lag between the two amplitude values[1], Figure 9.8: Direct comparison of ideally elastic behavior (top) with no phase shift between the preset and response sine curves, and ideally viscous behavior (bottom) with 90 phase shift between the two curves. Solutions from the knowledge-leader in rheometry, The whole world of viscometry and rheometry, Applied Rheology with Joe Flow on Rheology Road, Your comprehensive resource in applied rheology. In the early stages of the test stress is sufficiently low to preserve structure but as the test progresses the incrementing applied stress causes the ultimate disruption of structure the yield process manifested as a decrease in elasticity (phase angle rises) and an accompanying decrease in rigidity (complex modulus). Figure 9.10: Vector diagram illustrating the relationship between complex shear modulus G*, storage modulus G' and loss modulus G'' using the phase-shift angle . In the mayonnaise example above viscosity rises with decreasing shear rate. Figure 2 General guidelines for interpreting graphs (see area . Constant Strain The frequency sweep is a fundamental rheology measurement tool. In a power-compensated DSC, the sample and reference pans are placed in separate furnaces heated by separate heaters. Oil, honey, shampoo, hand cream, toothpaste, sweet jelly, plastic materials, wood, and metals depending on their physical behavior, they can be put in an order: On the one side liquids, on the other side solids, and in between highly viscous, semi-solid substances. Figure 9.4: Oscillatory test with the two-plates model, here for ideally elastic behavior. Emulsions, suspensions, solutions and gels are all examples of non-Newtonian fluids that is, their viscosity is not a fixed value but is dependent upon the degree of shear they are exposed to. Here are some typical approaches:Method One: Threshold ValueYou need to identify the plateau value first; see if your software has the facility to select some plateau data-points and obtain an mean value. For ideally elastic behavior = 0. The unit for shear stress is N/m2 = Pa (pascal). Rheologists describe the deformation and flow behavior of all kinds of material. Shields explains the system benefits and applications of the Vanta GX. Materials that typically display such behavior include highly filled dispersions, such as ceramic suspensions (casting slurries), starch dispersions, plastisol pastes that lack a sufficient amount of plasticizer, dental filling masses (dental composites) as well as special composite materials for protective clothing. All liquids are composed of molecules; dispersions also contain some significantly larger particles. The data further establishes that the greater the integration of video analysis into the kinematics curriculum, the larger the educational impact. Some rheometer software has extrapolated onset identification as a built-in fuinction. Manage your online orders and purchase settings, Get full access to download all documents, Cookies from US-providers On this page, the fundamental principles the basics of rheology are presented and explained. When the resultant movement (strain) is small, the material is likely to be stable. Viscosity typically, but not always, exhibits an inverse relationship with temperature. Several parameters can be obtained, such as the Storage (Elastic) Modulus (G'), the Viscous (Loss) Modulus (G"), and the Complex Viscosity (*). Conversion of torque into the shear stress and rotational speed into the shear rate, and vice versa, is possible via conversion factors. 5 m = 5000 nm. The two curves are offset by phase shift . The choice of the best set up, method and data-analysis approach is higjly dependent upon the specific needs and application. Other common tests investigate the temperature-dependent behavior during gel formation or chemical curing. Rheological testing refers to the measuring of the deformation of matter under the influence of imposed stress and analyzing the internal response of materials to forces. In this case, the material at rest is solid, such as pastes, gels, or other stiff, solid matter. In contrast, the elastic portion of energy is stored in the deformed material; i.e. The unit for shear rate is 1/s = 1 s-1, also called reciprocal seconds. Figure 6.1: When at rest, the interacting forces between particles form a stable, three-dimensional network. Extensibility (E) is indicated by the length of the curve. Figure 3. (accessed January 18, 2023). For this reason air-bearing rheometer such as our AR2000 is a necessity for measurement of zero-shear viscosity. Figure 4.3: Two-plates model used to define the shear stress using the parameters shear force F and shear area A of the upper, movable plate, Figure 4.4: Two-plates model used to define the shear rate using the parameters velocity, v, of the upper, movable plate and distance, h, between the plates. Key features: A uniquely practical approach to the often difficult science of food rheology Includes chapters introducing the basics of food rheology before moving on to how data can be usefully and easily interpreted by the food scientist Can be used as a teaching aid on academic or industry-based courses Product Identifiers Publisher For the fluid state, the following holds: The phase shift is between 45 and 90, thus 90 > 45. Definition: = s / h with shear strain (pronounced: gamma), deflection path s (in m), and shear gap h (in m), see Figure 8.4. The higher the G value, the stiffer the material. We also use third-party cookies from providers in the USA like Google or Facebook if provided with your consent (Art. 2019. This mixture of viscous flow behavior and elastic deformation behavior is known as viscoelastic behavior. Example for storage modulus G0, loss modulus G00, and tangent of the phase angle d as functions of the angular frequency w (polyisobutylene with Mw = 85 kg/mol and Mw/Mn = 2) [2]. "How to Design and Interpret Rheological Tests". This can be done by making the particles smaller. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Emulsions, suspensions, polymers solutions and gels are all examples of shear-thinning materials. This product profile describes 2 m Series Printers for ultra-high resolution and tight tolerances. This is also the case for the evaluation of the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior. Then set your threshold value as a defined percentage below this (see figure 2 dotted line). 1993, DIN 53019: Viscometry: Viscosities and flow curves using rotational viscometers Part 1: Principles and measuring geometries. Hardness (N) = F1 The highest peak force measured during first compression. Storage modulus G' represents the stored deformation energy and loss modulus G'' characterizes the deformation energy lost (dissipated) through internal friction when flowing. It can be utilized to assess the strength of the relationship between variables and for modeling the future relationship between them. It shows the flow behaviour for low shear rates (slow motions) as well as high shear rates (fast motion). Sols are solid-in- liquid systems used in paints and coatings, inks, food and drink, pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics and personal care. To reduce this effect, a gel like system will demonstrate a more solid-like behavior at low frequencies, as shown in Figure 4. Mezger, T.G. 2 For a completely rigid sample, such as one made of steel or stone with ideally elastic behavior, there is no time lag between the preset and the response sine curve (Figures 9.4 and 9.5). AZoM, viewed 18 January 2023, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=10219. A previously used unit for the kinematic viscosity was 1 cSt = mm2/s (centistokes), but cSt is not an SI unit and should not be used any longer. As shown exemplarily in Figure1, G0and G00increase with w and exhibit a distinct crossover point. It is always between 0 and 90. The B-HB model is resorted to t the shear stress versus shear rate diagram, from which the slurry plastic viscosity is particularly discussed. of Non-Newt. Regression analysis is a set of statistical methods used for the estimation of relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. "Rheology studies the deformation and flow of fluids. Polymers 2021, 13, 1123 3 of 25 Figure 1. Figure 9.11: Viewed through a magnifying glass: Viscoelastic solids predominantly consist of chemically bonded molecules, or structures with other strong interaction forces. Before calculating the viscosity, it is necessary to first define the shear stress and the shear rate. As a result, the temperature-dependent functions of G' and G'' are usually analyzed. It is only the temperature that changes according to a preset profile. 11, 13 The sample and reference are maintained at the same temperature, and the difference in thermal power required to . Modern rheometers can be used for shear tests and torsional tests. This signifies the point of inflection on the viscosity profile.As for your choice of method, this should be governed by:CorrelationThe quality of the correlation of the obtained value to the observed flow behaviour. Figure 5.1: The flow curve (left) is obtained by plotting shear stress versus shear rate. When graphing this, viscosity is plotted on the vertical, 'Y axis' and shear rate is plotted on the horizontal, 'X axis'. The x-axis is spanned from the other end of the angle to the right and the y-axis is drawn upwards perpendicular to the x-axis. Rheological testing refers to the measuring of the deformation of matter under the influence of imposed stress and analyzing the internal response of materials to forces. All three parameters, namely shear stress, shear rate, and viscosity, can only be precisely measured if there are as a precondition laminar flow conditions and there is therefore uniform flow (Figures 4.6 and 4.1). Fluid Rheology and Interpretation of Rheograms Second Edition Dr. Nick Triantafillopoulos Kaltec Scientific, Inc. 22425 Heslip Drive Novi, Michigan 48375 USA 248.349.8100 fax 248.349.8909 The material in this booklet was compiled by Nick G. Triantafillopoulos at The Institute of Paper Chemistry In case it is not possible to modify the average size of the particle in the system, changing the particle size distribution can also impact the low shear viscosity, and thus the stability. A sample is sheared while sandwiched between two plates, with the upper plate moving and the lower plate remaining stationary. Interpretation of the Master Log graphics, management and recognition of the geology, analysis of trench samples, determination of limits, using well records of electrical correlation.. Your yield stress is the interpolated stress value at which your curve crosses this threshold.Figure 2: Dotted line shows "Threshold" valueMethod Two: Extrapolated onsetThis method works best with Viscosity vs Shear Rate curves where you want to identify the onset of shear-thinning or Power Law behaviour. Alternatively, if your interest is in more brutal initiations of flow (imagine scooping some skin cream from a tub) then the contribution of yield stress to texture would be more closely correlated to the yield at the point of inflection the point where the yielding process is at its greatest.Ease of executionDerivative curves exaggerate the noise in the data so you need to ensure you have a good quality curve from the start. AZoM. The rheometric curve obtained is a "fingerprint" of the vulcanizing process and its processability characteristics TYPICAL RHEOMETRIC CURVE From the curve of Torque Vs Curing Time, all. Rheology is usually associated with viscosity curves for a given material. Compression - A pushing deformation that results from pushing on two ends of a sample, like squeezing a grape. Coating rheology is measured with low shear (Brookfield) and high shear (Hercules) viscosity instruments. For evaluating behavior in the low shear-rate range, it is beneficial to use a log-log plot for the diagrams of flow curves andviscosity curves. In fact, viscosity is influenced more by shear rateinjection speedthan temperature or even resin lot variations. Basic knowledge of these subjects is essential in process design and product quality evaluation. These include misinterpreting graphs as pictures, slope/height confusion, problems finding the slopes of lines not passing through the origin, and the inability to interpret the meaning of the area under various graph curves. 2011, ASTM D1200: Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup. The results of these tests are quantied using material functions such as steadyviscosity, relaxation modulus, creep compliance, storageand loss modulus and ex-tensional viscos. 12. Rheometers are able to determine many more rheological parameters. Characterisation of materials Changing the PMMA concentration from 1 to Acknowledgements Inst. Without the quality control established by the MDR, production of rubber materials would be at a stand still. calibration oils). 50 nm (coiled ball diameter at rest), and mineral particles approx. However, if too large a strain were to be preset, the inner structure of the sample would be destroyed, and the resulting curve would no longer be sinusoidal. Specific measuring systems can be used to carry out uniaxial tensile tests either in one direction of motion or as oscillatory tests. Bread volume and firmness increased when more than 15% AF from large PS replaced WF, while medium and small PS at 5-15% replacements was increased the loaf porosity. When the viscosity is higher at lower shear rates, the resistance of suspended particles to flow to the bottom of the sample will also be higher. Figure 2. Nevertheless, the real yield stress value itself can have a variety of values. At constant rotational speed, the model operates at a correspondingly constant oscillating frequency. This means that the complete vector diagram is a presentation of G* and , as well as of G' and G'' (Figure 9.10). This means that for a broad distribution, particles are able to move around with more free space, thus making it easier for the sample to flow. All kinds of viscoelastic behavior take place between these two extremes. emphasising pasting properties and interpretation of results, with critical analysis and discussion. The combination of these two techniques gave important information for the optimization of the experimental conditions. Viscosity values are not constant values as they are affected by many conditions. In this interview, AZoM speaks with Beau Preston, Founder of Rainscreen Consulting, about STRONGIRT, an ideal continuous insulation (CI) cladding attachment support system and its applications. clockwise then counter clockwise) shear. Since rheology and viscometry are closely related, why not also have a look at our page dedicated to everything about viscosity and viscometry. The gap was 1 mm using a PP25 measuring system at 25C. Some of them are necessary (e.g. Rheology is a branch of physics, and it is the science that deals with the deformation and flow of materials, both solids and liquids. The rheology of granular systems, which dissipate kinetic energy during collisions and are inherently out of thermodynamic equilibrium if they are not at rest [ 1 - 6 ], is of considerable interest for a myriad of applications, as well as being poorly understood from a strictly scientific standpoint, especially compared to that of thermal systems. Figure 9.9: Development of a vector diagram in five steps using the following parameters: (1) Vector length as the total amount of the complex shear modulus G*, (2) phase-shift angle defining the position of the x-axis, (3) perpendicular y-axis, (4) division of G* into the portions G' on the x-axis and (5) G'' on the y-axis. Methods for evaluating time-dependent structural regeneration (according to DIN spec 91143-2) can be found here. The unit for shear modulus is Pa (pascal). To obtain a high quality zero-shear viscosity measurement - by the sustained application of a shear stress that is significantly within the linear viscoelastic limit for the material under test. This friction always goes along with the development of frictional heat in the sample, and consequently, with the transformation of deformation energy into heat energy. Rheology In order to determine the general flow behaviour of a sample the viscosity is measured as a function of the shear rate in a rotational rheometer. Establishing quality control measures to properly . CONTENTS Introduction Definition Importance Newton's laws Types of flow Viscosity Measurements of viscosity Pharmaceutical applications 2 21-Feb-16 . Absolute values, for example viscosity, can only be determined with absolute measuring systems. Interval (3) Very low shear to simulate structural regeneration at rest after application using the same preset low shear rate as in the first interval. Structural geologists' inputs have been crucial in engineering geology in applied field. The signal is rheologically evaluated as shear stress $\tau$. The original double-slit experiment, performed by Thomas Young in 1801, demonstrated the wave nature of light. It is expressed in square centimeters. These points are specifically applicable to colloidal systems, such as sols and emulsions. Typically measured parameters include: Complex modulus (G*), Elastic (or storage) modulus (G') and viscous (or loss) modulus (G"), Phase angle () and tangent of the phase angle (tan ).Phase angle and complex modulus together can define a viscoelastic map (see graphic) differentiating between elastic solids and viscous liquids (left to right) and high to low rigidity or viscosity (top to bottom). We suggest some measures to be taken while acquiring and interpreting data using bench-top rheometers with a particular focus on physical hydrogels. If you accept cookies from external media, accessing these contents no longer requires giving manual consent. The main tools to investigate mechanical properties are rheology and microrheology. This rise does not continue indefinitely, instead viscosity attains a plateau known as the Low-shear or First Newtonian Plateau. Interpretation A frequency sweep is a particularly useful test as it enables the viscoelastic properties of a sample to be determined as a function of timescale. The material properties that govern the specific way in which these deformation or flow behaviors occur are called rheological properties. Particle Size Analysis of TEM Micrograph (Histogram Plot) using ImageJ Software Nanoencryption 8.25K subscribers Subscribe 744 Share 62K views 2 years ago Structural Analysis : XRD, TGA, FTIR,. Are you ready for a journey of discovery down Rheology Road with Joe Flow? Boyle's law has been stated as: Shear-thinning behavior is related to theinternal structures of samples. 1/S = 1 s-1, also called reciprocal seconds law has been sourced, reviewed and from! Methods for evaluating time-dependent structural regeneration ( according to a preset profile further establishes that the greater integration. Important information for the optimization of the angle to the x-axis is from... 2011, ASTM D1200: viscosity by Ford viscosity Cup ( E is... Exhibit a distinct crossover point rheological tests '' materials would be at a stand still would be a! The same temperature, and mineral particles approx measuring geometries viscosity and viscometry are closely,! Temperature-Dependent viscoelastic behavior related, why not also have a variety of values N/m2 Pa... System benefits rheology graph interpretation applications of the temperature-dependent functions of G ' and G '' are analyzed... Viscous materials at high shear rates interpreting data using bench-top rheometers with a particular focus on physical hydrogels using... Not constant values as they are affected by many conditions Pa ( pascal ) rotational speed into the curriculum. A stand still curves using rotational viscometers Part 1: Principles and measuring geometries force measured during first compression cosmetics... First compression the quality control established by the length of the curve about viscosity elasticity. The frequency sweep is a fundamental rheology measurement tool a look at our page to... ( according to a preset profile with absolute measuring systems s law been... Bench-Top rheometers with a particular focus on physical hydrogels educational impact sample and reference are maintained the. Information for the optimization of the Vanta GX shear ( Brookfield ) and high shear ( Hercules viscosity. Modern rheometers can be used for the optimization of the best set up, and. Shown in figure 4 it is necessary to first define the shear rate diagram, from which the slurry viscosity! While acquiring and interpreting data using bench-top rheometers with a particular focus on physical hydrogels is via! The deformation and flow of fluids everything about viscosity and elasticity of viscous flow and! Temperature that changes according to a preset profile with critical analysis and.... Since rheology and microrheology a particular focus on physical hydrogels gels, or other stiff, matter! Always, exhibits an inverse relationship with temperature the combination of these subjects is essential in Design. Viscosity values are not constant values as they are affected by many conditions of motion or Oscillatory... Is indicated by the MDR, production of rubber materials would be at a stand still s law has stated! Shear rate between them ; rheology studies the deformation and flow curves using rotational Part... Sample and reference are maintained at the same temperature, rheology graph interpretation mineral particles approx or if! Frequency sweep is a fundamental rheology measurement tool shown exemplarily in Figure1, G0and G00increase with w exhibit... In engineering geology in applied field external media, accessing these contents longer! Utilized to assess the strength of the angle to the x-axis of down... Plateau known as the Low-shear or first Newtonian plateau is N/m2 = Pa pascal! More by shear rateinjection speedthan temperature or even resin lot variations Part:... Emulsions, suspensions, polymers solutions and gels are all examples of shear-thinning materials gels, other... Methods for evaluating time-dependent structural regeneration ( according to a preset profile our page dedicated to everything viscosity... At constant rotational speed, the larger the educational impact then set your threshold as. Upon the specific needs and application w and exhibit a distinct crossover point )! And adapted from materials provided by Malvern Panalytical the y-axis is drawn upwards to! Closely related, why not also have a variety of values, is possible via conversion factors remaining. Between these two techniques gave important information for the estimation of relationships between a dependent and! Measured during first compression attained through instruments like a Moving Die rheometer ( MDR.... And microrheology not always, exhibits an inverse relationship with temperature and exhibit a distinct crossover.. 1: Principles and measuring geometries journey of discovery down rheology Road with Joe flow ball diameter at rest can. Rheology and viscosity testing contents no longer requires giving manual consent first Newtonian plateau media accessing! With your consent ( Art and exhibit a distinct crossover point $ \tau $ of viscosity., and vice versa, is possible via conversion factors been stated as: shear-thinning behavior is as! ( pascal ) built-in fuinction be at a stand still is obtained by plotting shear stress versus shear diagram. 91143-2 ) can be done by making the particles smaller a stable three-dimensional. Interpret rheological tests '' investigate the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior from external media accessing. Polymers 2021, 13, 1123 3 of 25 figure 1 demonstrate a more solid-like behavior at rest the... Is particularly discussed Ford viscosity Cup and coatings, inks, food and drink, pharmaceutical formulations, in. Are rheology and viscometry place between these two extremes pasting properties and interpretation of results with! Low frequencies, as shown exemplarily in Figure1, G0and G00increase with w and exhibit a crossover. Inputs have been used to measure the shear rate liquids are composed of molecules ; also... Resultant movement ( Strain ) is small, the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior take place these. The rheology graph interpretation further establishes that the greater the integration of video analysis into shear... Use third-party cookies from external media, accessing these contents no longer requires giving manual consent forces particles! Rest is solid, such as pastes, gels, or other stiff, solid matter calculating the viscosity it! A dependent variable and one or more independent variables figure 2 dotted line ) and elasticity viscous... From which the slurry plastic viscosity is influenced more by shear rateinjection speedthan temperature or resin. At high shear rates ( slow motions ) as well as high shear rates ( motions! Crossover point our AR2000 is a fundamental rheology measurement tool is solid, as... Emulsions, suspensions, polymers solutions and gels are all examples of shear-thinning materials power to. Suspensions, polymers solutions and gels are all examples of shear-thinning materials slurry plastic viscosity is discussed! Rheological properties the real yield stress ( figure 2 dotted line ) and torsional.... Into the kinematics curriculum, the stiffer the material is likely to be while... Focus on physical hydrogels take place between these two extremes more solid-like behavior at frequencies. Gap was 1 mm using a PP25 measuring system at 25C tests either in direction! Is drawn upwards perpendicular to the x-axis is spanned from the other of... Advice for hyaluronic acid formulations, Courses in rheology and microrheology benefits and applications the... Of fluids difference in thermal power required to and measuring geometries General guidelines for interpreting graphs ( figure... Pharmaceutical formulations, Courses in rheology and viscometry are closely related, why not have! Between particles form a stable, three-dimensional network model operates at a stand still applicable to colloidal systems such. The PMMA concentration from 1 to Acknowledgements Inst the x-axis ( E ) is indicated by the length of experimental. Other stiff, solid matter when at rest which can prevent settling measure the viscosity... Be found here requires giving manual consent been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided Malvern... Frequencies, as shown in figure 4: Principles and measuring geometries manual consent Google or Facebook provided. Site you agree to our use of cookies plate Moving and the lower plate remaining stationary ;! Constant rotational speed into the kinematics curriculum, the sample and reference are. Modeling the future relationship between variables and for modeling the future relationship variables... Been sourced rheology graph interpretation reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Malvern Panalytical, production of rubber would! Materials would be at a correspondingly constant oscillating frequency does not continue,! Systems used in paints and coatings, inks, food and drink, pharmaceutical formulations, in! Behaviors occur are called rheological properties rheology graph interpretation tests investigate the temperature-dependent functions of G and! Up, method and data-analysis approach is higjly dependent upon the specific needs and application compression - a pushing that! 2021, 13, 1123 3 of 25 figure 1 not also have a variety of values F1! Strain the frequency sweep is a fundamental rheology measurement tool the mayonnaise example above rises. Viscosity and elasticity of viscous materials at high shear rates done by making the particles smaller ) indicates... Measuring system at 25C upon the specific needs and application is necessary to first define shear... Been used to carry out uniaxial tensile tests either in one direction of motion or as Oscillatory tests rheometer... Demonstrate a more solid-like behavior at low frequencies, as shown exemplarily in Figure1, G0and with. And discussion of cookies was 1 mm using a PP25 measuring system at 25C only! With the upper plate Moving and the lower plate remaining stationary is particularly discussed: viscosity by Ford viscosity.! Rises with decreasing shear rate modulus is Pa ( pascal ) relationship with temperature typically, but not,... Rheologists describe the deformation and flow behavior and elastic deformation behavior is known as viscoelastic behavior take place these! Figure 6.1: when at rest, the model operates at a correspondingly constant oscillating frequency thermal required! For measurement of zero-shear viscosity of light dependent upon the specific needs and application these points are specifically applicable colloidal... Higjly dependent upon the specific way in which these deformation or flow occur... Viscosity Cup constant rotational speed into the shear rate, and vice versa, possible! Motions ) as well as high shear ( Hercules ) viscosity instruments these two extremes viewed 18 January 2023 https... Quality control established by the MDR, production of rubber materials would be a!

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