This technique is more suitable for coarse particles that heavy metals are weakly associated with due to their low area to volume ratio and negligible surface charge [, EKR is easy to operate and cost-effective. Houlihan has witnessed firsthand how quickly financial factors are being placed over future economic benefits, and critical research concurs. Chand, V.; Prasad, S. ICP-OES assessment of heavy metal contamination in tropical marine sediments: A comparative study of two digestion techniques. A short overview of Miyawaki forest tchnique as an approach to cope with climate change and make cities greener. 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0464:tfrtia]2.0.co;2. The Effects of Portland and Sulphoaluminate Cements Solidification/Stabilization on Semi-Dynamic Leaching of Heavy Metal from Contaminated Sediment. Demonstrating the influence of sediment source in dredged sediment recovery for brick and tile production. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030207, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Toxics | Free Full-Text | Recent Progress on Ex Situ Remediation The role of planting in ecosystem restoration--pros and cons. Solution chemistry during cement hydration in the presence of metal hydroxide wastes. All Rights Reserved Design & Developed By:: RINJAcom, For enquary We can help:: +233 (0) 24-611-9999. Hosseini, A.; Haeri, S.B. He watched as the young, frail plants leafed and flowered, quickly growing tall and thick, as a dozen species of birds moved in to the newly lush habitat, as a thermometer registered coolness beneath the treesa difference of some 5 degrees Celsius from the surrounding aireven in Junes blistering heat. ; Walkley, B. Cement-based stabilization/solidification of radioactive waste. Miyawaki invented this process, and whatever I understood of the methodology I wrote it as a standard operating procedure, so it could be replicated, says Sharma. 5 Benefits of Protected Areas Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. So afforestation projects often favored plantations of single species, like Monterey pine or Sitka spruce or oil palms. Critics have accused him of shilling for corporations like Toyota, which have contributed to deforestation in places such as India, and of creating monotonous-looking forests that are expensive to boot. Many restoration projects focus on individual sites, and dont take the surrounding areas or the Khessaimi, Y.E. Cai, Y.; Gao, H.; Qu, G.; Ning, P.; Hu, Y.; Zou, H.; Ren, N. Research on the efficient water-absorbing ceramsite generated by dredged sediments in Dian Lake-China and coal fly ash. The removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil by a combination of sulfidisation and flotation. 2. Due to its abundance, persistence, and environmental toxicity, heavy metal pollution has always been one of the hot spots in the world. Xing, L.; Wen, J.; Yan, C.; Wang, Q.; Xue, Z. 8600 Rockville Pike ; Peng, T.F. It is colonialism. These injustices recall the colonialist practices that first stole the land from the local Indigenous people who were, and still are, guardians of the forests and have practiced the best traditional methods for sustainable use and are the most effective stewards of 80% of the planets biodiversity. Forests remove vast amounts of carbon from the air and store it in leaves, branches, trunks, roots, and dirt. Tropical forest restoration is a global, high-value opportunity ; Zhou, Y.F. The efficiency does not reach that of the (3 + 1)-step BCR procedure. Jiang, H.; Liu, G.; Shan, H.E. Luckily, swift action and innovation have the power to save these biomes from the brink if we act before it's too late. Symposium: Tropical Restoration-Reforestation - Pros and Cons ; Luo, L.Q. Recycling dredged sediment into fill materials, partition blocks, and paving blocks: Technical and economic assessment. Udovic, M.; Lestan, D. EDTA and HCl leaching of calcareous and acidic soils polluted with potentially toxic metals: Remediation efficiency and soil impact. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. State of the science review: Potential for beneficial use of waste by-products for in situ remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment. Possible developments for ex situ phytoremediation of contaminated sediments, in tropical and subtropical regionsReview. ; Krcmar, D.S. Suedel, B.C. In conventional afforestation techniques, 1 meter of growth per year is considered the norm. Duruibe, J.O. Despite international efforts, the loss of tropical primary forests persisted over the past decade. Additionally, frugivores visited large islands more often, and for longer time periods, than small islands, thereby increasing the likelihood of a dispersal event there. Am J Primatol. See further details. Some of these areas have gone back to being forests, but a large amount of these degraded forests located in tropical and subtropical regions are suitable targets for ; Ogwuegbu, M.O.C. ; Jamali, M.K. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Specifically, XPRIZE Rainforest is challenging the worlds innovators to co-design and co-create new technologies to rapidly and autonomously catalog diverse forms of life within rainforests. Construction-grade cement production from contaminated sediments using Cement-Lock technology. ; Becelic-Tomin, M.D. Nobody denies that our forests are overcrowded. Zhao, Z.; Mahfoud, B.; Nor-Edine, A.; Denis, D.; Luc, C.; Wang, D. Use of uncontaminated marine sediments in mortar and concrete by partial substitution of cement. Examining the Viability of Planting Trees to Help Mitigate Climate ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. A microencapsulation process of liquid mercury by sulfur polymer stabilization/solidification technology. ; Feng, S. Transformation of heavy metal fraction distribution in contaminated river sediment treated by chemical-enhanced washing. Planting it was an odd pursuit, given that Sharma had never been particularly interested or drawn to studies or work involving flora. ; Fan, W.H. We groom talented players with the right technical, tactical and mental skills to enable them to compete as professional players at the highest level in football anywhere. The principles include: 1. In situ electrokinetic (EK) remediation of the total and plant available cadmium (Cd) in paddy agricultural soil using low voltage gradients at pilot and full scales. Barjoveanu, G.; Gisi, S.D. more An ultrasonic assisted extraction method to release heavy metals from untreated sewage sludge samples. Tropical forest restoration Tropical forest loss and fragmentation are due to increase in coming decades. For a period of two to three years, the site is monitored, watered, and weeded, to give the nascent forest every chance to establish itself. ; Wuilloud, R.G. IUFRO: Other Meetings / Events / Noticeboard / Discover IUFRO In an ongoing effort to be fiscally responsible, the Southern Research Station (SRS) will no longer produce and distribute hard copies of our publications. ; King, J.K.; Corbino, J.M. Friday, August 5, 2022. 68-69. Tropical Forest Restoration | Project Drawdown Razavi, M.; Kebria, D.Y. Protected areas guard critical habitat for species so that they can thrive in nature, unimpacted by human disturbance. Fortunately the U.S. Senate, in a bipartisan effort led by our own Sen. Dianne Feinstein, took action this week, voting 97-1 to support an amended version of the president's Healthy Forests Initiative. Due to its abundance, persistence, and environmental toxicity, heavy metal pollution has always been one of the hot spots in the world. JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. 24, No. ; Choi, Y. Gong, X.; Huang, D.; Liu, Y.; Zeng, G.; Chen, S.; Wang, R.; Xu, P.; Cheng, M.; Zhang, C.; Xue, W. Biochar facilitated the phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated sediments: Metal behavior, plant toxicity, and microbial activity. Fu, R.; Wen, D.; Xia, X.; Zhang, W.; Gu, Y. Electrokinetic remediation of chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil with citric acid (CA) and polyaspartic acid (PASP) as electrolytes. Once stabilized, the forest is left to flourish, forevermore, on its own without further interference. Yousuf, M.; Mollah, A.; Vempati, R.K.; Lin, T.-C.; Cocke, D.L. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. WebTropical forest restoration is the highest-priority solution for degraded tropical forestland. 2 (2015), pp. As for dredged sediment, most remediation methods are basically increasing the mobilization or immobilization of metals to reduce toxicity and bioavailability. 46-52, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. ; Scheckel, K.G. FOIA Zhang, T.; Li, T.; Zou, J.; Li, Y.; Cheeseman, C.R. Using this four-category system, along with his surveys of these sites and his knowledge of PNV and phytosociology, Miyawaki designed his own system for planting forests. Comparison of Different Extraction Approaches for Heavy Metal Partitioning in Sediment Samples. ; Kwak, D.H. Role and applicability of bubble flotation model in sediment remediation in natural water systems. The .gov means its official. Karna, R.R. Many of the Bonn Challenge projects follow the same monoculture approach, which has its pros and cons. ; Bourne, S.G.; Gailani, J.Z. Contaminated dredged sediments are usually fine texture, and some are low nutrient content or high salinity [, Bioleaching is the application of acidophilic microorganisms capable of Fe/S oxidative metabolism to promote metal dissolution in solid substrates, which is normally conducted as a sediment/soil slurry bioreactor [, S/S technology is used to immobilize contaminants both physically and chemically, which is evidently the most suitable for treatment of metal wastes [, OPC is a hydraulic binder mainly comprised of alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite [, When OPC blends with supplementary cementitious materials (e.g., fly ash, kiln dust, or silica fume), they would have pozzolanic reactions during hydration. ; Hayes, M. An alternative to Portland Cement for waste encapsulation-The calcium sulfoaluminate cement system. Theres a misconception about rainforests being undervalued, and thats not the case at all their value is recognized but it is over-exploited for short-term gains in totally unsustainable ways. There now should be no debate that the threat of catastrophic fire is the most significant environmental challenge facing California's forests and wildlands. ; Sung, S. Effects of sulfur dosage on continuous bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment. Along with the Cubans love for music, there is a love for dance as well. ; Mohan, D.; Singh, V.K. 2018- Strikers FC Academy . Sponsored by: The International Society of Tropical Foresters, The International Forestry Working Group of the Society of American Foresters, and Terraformation, AFRICAN UNION DEVELOPMENT AGENCY-NEPAD ; Jalbani, N.; Sarfraz, R.A. It works like this: the soil of a future forest site is analyzed and then improved, using locally available sustainable amendmentsfor example, rice husks from a nearby mill. forest Available online: Lafhaj, Z.; Samara, M.; Agostini, F.; Boucard, L.; Skoczylas, F.; Depelsenaire, G. Polluted river sediments from the North region of France: Treatment with Novosol process and valorization in clay bricks. Zhang, Y.; Labianca, C.; Chen, L.; Gisi, S.D. The role of planting in the restoration of southern pine ecosystems that are underrepresented on the landscape is simple to the point of being rudimentary--when a seed source of the desired species is absent from a stand, planting is the only way to re-establish the desired species in the stand being restored. The leaching of each metal has to be lower than limits imposed by legislation. Dr. Letcher in a 15-year-old secondary forest in Costa Rica. And Augusts Monsoon rains, which once puddled on the surface of the yard, absorbed into the dirt like a sponge, says Sharma. The detection limit was 5.0 mg/kg. In 2020, the Amazon hit the highest rates on record, and it is predicted that, at the current rate of deforestation, we will reach the Amazons tipping point by 2030. Biodiversity underpins the ecological processes that facilitate forest regeneration (), meaning that wildlife persistence and restoration are inextricably linked.For example, it is estimated that 90% of tropical tree species depend on interactions with vertebrates to complete their life cycle ().Given the importance of biodiversity for Razavi, M.; Kebria, D.Y. Forests A rainforest in Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. Forest Development of a Novel Binder Using Lime and Incinerated Sewage Sludge Ash to Stabilize and Solidify Contaminated Marine Sediments with High Water Content as a Fill Material. An overview of these issues will be presented to stimulate discussion and develop innovative applications of planting methodology especially with respect to regional ecological restoration initiatives with longleaf pine and shortleaf pine. 2010; Rands et al. ; Luxton, T.; Bronstein, K.E. Restoring marsh habitat with beneficial use of dredged sediment from a riverine environment. Forest degradation and clearing are major causes of global biodiversity loss (Pereira et al. Safeguard Biodiversity We are currently living in the sixth mass extinction. Ji, Z.; Pei, Y. Bibliographic and visualized analysis of geopolymer research and its application in heavy metal immobilization: A review. Norn, A.; Fedje, K.K. Results Total adoption in the Scenario 1 is 161.4 million hectares in 2050, representing 56 Hold the FLR is about returning some trees to a landscape so that they can enhance the overall benefits provided by forests in that landscape to both nature and people. ; Carletti, P.; Dobbss, L.B. A critical review of stabilization/solidification technology. Recycling dredged sediment for construction and building materials can be achieved through cement-based S/S technology. ; Mccabe, B.A. Here, WRI's forest experts reflect on 10 major changes for forests from the last decade, and what we should expect in 2020 and beyond. ; supervision, B.W. Li, J.S. Optimization of Solidification and Stabilization Efficiency of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment Based on Response Surface Methodology. A feasibility study. Dermont, G.; Bergeron, M.; Mercier, G.; Richer-Laflche, M. Soil washing for metal removal: A review of physical/chemical technologies and field applications. PLoS One. Chen, Z.; Chen, W.; He, F.F. Tian, Y.; Boulang-Lecomte, C.; Benamar, A.; Giusti-Petrucciani, N.; Duflot, A.; Olivier, S.; Frederick, C.; Forget-Leray, J.; Portet-Koltalo, F. Application of a crustacean bioassay to evaluate a multi-contaminated (metal, PAH, PCB) harbor sediment before and after electrokinetic remediation using eco-friendly enhancing agents. The academy is established to help players from Ghana and across Africa gain recognition and advance their football careers. IUFRO: Other Meetings / Events / Noticeboard / Discover IUFRO JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. So many aspects of deforestation and rainforest degradation around the world do not look at future, long-term benefits of preservation, he explains. ; Spasojevic, J.M. ; Wu, J.A. ; McQueen, A.D.; Wilkens, J.L. 14, No. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. Teuscher M, Grard A, Brose U, Buchori D, Clough Y, Ehbrecht M, Hlscher D, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Wollni M, Kreft H. Front Plant Sci. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, ; Bindler, R. Investigating molecular changes in organic matter composition in two Holocene lake-sediment records from central Sweden using pyrolysis-GC/MS. Leaching concentration was below the limit of 5 mg/L after 28 days of curing. Vanthuyne, M.; Maes, A. Planting forests can also help reduce fertilizer runoff into rivers that causes algae blooms and create wildlife corridors between one isolated verdant bit and another. forests 3%Ni, 82%Cd and 58%Zn were removed from the anode region. Yoo, J.C.; Lee, C.D. In this article, the state-of-art ex situ remediation technology for metal-contaminated sediments is elaborated, including sediment washing, electrokinetic remediation (EKR), chemical extraction, biological treatment, as well as encapsulating pollutants by adding some stabilized/solidified materials. Fire suppression and restrictions on forest management have created forests that are 20 times denser than normal, more in some places. Tree islands increased zoochorous tree seed rain; seed density and species richness were greater in tree islands than in open pasture, and large islands had greater seed density than smaller islands (Gliricidia only), suggesting that they are more effective for restoration. Consequences for environmental sensing. Tang, J.; Zhang, J.; Ren, L.; Zhou, Y.; Gao, J.; Luo, L.; Yang, Y.; Peng, Q.; Huang, H.; Chen, A. Ecol Appl. 2010; Rands et al. Aztec and Inca societies used a huge number of aphrodisiacs, from peanuts to hallucinogenic mushrooms to insect larvae. ; CHen, Y.H. 16-23, Restoration & Management Notes, Vol. The day before something is truly a breakthrough, it's a crazy idea. 2023. The U.S. Forest Service has identified 24 million acres of federal land alone that is at the absolute highest risk of catastrophic fire, with a third of that in California, more than any other state. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal ; Deng, Q.A. During this early period, the plantings compete with each other for space and access to light and watera battle that encourages much faster growth. But importing these amphibians helps spread diseases like Bsal and Bd to native populations. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. ; Murray, C.A. organization in the United States. Epub 2022 Nov 14. The Blue Planet Award-winning botanist from Japan is celebrated for his very particular approach to afforestationa soil-, air-, water-, and climate-remediating process by which trees are planted where no trees existed before. 2010), as at least two-thirds of terrestrial organisms are associated with forests and particularly tropical rainforests, due to their uniquely rich biodiversity (FAO and UNEP 2020; Wilson & Peter 1988).Indeed, the fragmentation of And from that day on, his fate was sealed. Kovcs, K.; Halsz, G.; Takcs, A.; Heltai, G.; Szles, .; Gyri, Z.; Horvth, M. Study of ultrasound-assisted sequential extraction procedure for potentially toxic element content of soils and sediments. The initiative wisely aims to restore entire forests so we can fulfill our obligation to ensure that our children have the same opportunities to enjoy forests, wildlife and wilderness areas that we have had. But thinning around homes is not a cure-all -- a hundred-foot wall of flames simply will not lie down at a fuel break or small clearing. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. But there is hope to be found in the goals set forth by the leaders at COP15 and the innovators, guardians, and conservationists of all backgrounds and skillsets who are persevering through the persistent challenges facing biodiversity to understand and protect tropical forests and their abundance of life before the clock runs out. The removal efficiencies (CA) ranged from 78 to 82% for Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr. Sustainable conversion of contaminated dredged river sediment into eco-friendly foamed concrete. Kim, M.S. Consecutive thermal and wet conditioning treatments of sedimentary stabilized cementitious materials from HPSS, Kearney, S.; Yorkshire, A.S.; Geddes, D.A. Hong, W.; Liu, T.; Shuai, F.; Zhang, W. Metal removal and associated binding fraction transformation in contaminated river sediment washed by different types of agents. ; Song, Y.H. Rainforest Restoration ; Hyatt, N.C. Now they cover less than 6%. Cedar is highly attractive when stained and some varieties, such as white cedar, become increasingly aesthetically pleasing over time. OPC is a simple and cost-effective solidifying material but it has some defects of high greenhouse gases emissions, high porosity, and high pollutants leaching levels [. ; Malarb, D.; Roccaro, P.; Vagliasindi FG, A. Build 2023.2.22.20 (Production), Terms & Conditions An ornamental plant whose white flowers hang over graveyards and temples in Southeast Asia presents complicated questions on national belonging and religious identity. 205-233, Foreign Policy, No. ; formal analysis, Q.X. In 2011, after proving that Miyawakis method could work for his own experimental backyard forest, he quit his job at Toyota and opened a forest-production company named Afforestt, which practices what Miyawaki preaches: the introduction to a depleted landscape of potential natural vegetation, which is what would naturally occur in that particular place without human intervention. HS from the sesame straw removed more than 74% of Cd and 42% of Ni from sediment. Bert, V.; Seuntjens, P.; Dejonghe, W.; Lacherez, S.; Thuy, H.T.T. In Proceedings of the Western Dredging Association 19th Technical Conference and 31st Texas A&M Dredging Seminar, Louisville, KY, USA, 1618 May 1999; pp. ; Li, J.S. US, Get updates on exponential tech and culture. Many restoration projects focus on individual sites, and dont take the surrounding areas or the ways they are used, managed and accessed by local stakeholders sufficiently into account. ; Malek, M.A. Wang, H.; Li, T.; Tsang, D.C.W. Biodiversity investment frameworks, such as the Global Biodiversity Framework, require accurate and timely biodiversity assessments as a means to measure project success and satisfy the impact needs of donors and investors, shares XPRIZE Rainforest Technical Lead Kev Marriott. Anode and cathode achieved up to 73% and 54% removal efficiency of Cr. Kim, K.; Nakashita, S.; Yoshimura, K.; Hibino, T. In situ electrochemical remediation of brackish river sediment rich in aromatic organic matter using steel-slag-combined sediment microbial fuel cells. WebHere, we evaluated the ability of "tree islands" to serve as "recruitment foci" in a two-year study at three sites in northern Honduras. ILs mediated and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Kulikowski AJ 2nd, Zahawi RA, Werden LK, Zhu K, Holl KD. ; Xie, J. Susan G. Letcher Carbon sponges. Sample handling strategies for the determination of persistent trace organic contaminants from biota samples. WebThe restoration of tropical rainforest landscapes can critically contribute to conserve biodiversity because tropical forests harbor half of all Earths species and because this "Recent Progress on Ex Situ Remediation Technology and Resource Utilization for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment" Toxics 11, no. Tel: +27 (0) 11 075 5025 It maintains a timeless appeal that most other forms of siding attempt to emulate. AA showed high extraction capacity while CA showed no obvious leaching effect on Pb and Cu. ; Zhou, Y.; Chen, X.; Wang, Q.; Xue, Q.; Tsang, D.; Chi, S.P. The adoption of remediation techniques is usually determined by sediment characteristics (such as the sediment texture, metal load, and species), function of the water body, financial and human costs, and many other factors. Bao, J.; Liang, W.; Man, X. The interfacial chemistry of solidification/stabilization of metals in cement and pozzolanic material systems. Krcmar, D.; Varga, N.; Prica, M.; Cveticanin, L.; Zukovic, M.; Dalmacija, B.; Corba, Z. Wang, L.; Yeung, T.L.K. ; Lens, P.; Van Hullebusch, E.D. In the Miyawaki method, trees grow about 10 times faster. Leaching concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb didnt exceed prescribed values, OPC, lime, activated carbon and organoclay. Tropical Conservation Science 4: 287299. In the future, it is hoped that polluted sediment can be comprehensively purified, and truly sustainable management of dredged sediment will be achieved. National Library of Medicine ; Roy, D.M. forest ; Kerkez, D.V. ; Tyrer, M.; Hills, C.D. These land use changes are made under the false pretense that they will benefit local communities with jobs and drive economic growth.Wealthy nations drive demand for tropical timber, and cash-strapped governments often grant logging concessions at a fraction of the lands true volume, National Geographic explains. Heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr) washing from river sediment using biosurfactant rhamnolipid. ; Tian, G.M. Large-scale reforestation has massive potential to stave off a climate collapse. Dr. 2. Gardner, L.J. ; Lin, J.G. Kim, K.J. L. 108148 (text)), is a law proposed by President George W. Bush following the forest fires of 2002 which was devastatingly widespread. ; Dias Milanez, C.R. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Conceptualization, Q.X. Aranda, M.A.G. lvarez, S.M. ; Poon, C.S. In 2008, Karachi stuck into the ground 2.2 million non-native Conocarpus trees, a species notorious for contributing to droughts in water-scarce places, which left experts worrying about the potential adverse effects. Rev Biol Trop. 1 (Summer 1996), pp. WebPros and cons of tropical forest restoration/reforestation Tom Geary Forest Scientist, Retired, US Forest Service, USA ThomasGeary@hotmail.com Greenhouse gases, especially Reducing or eliminating products that come from forests or rainforests (wood and paper, oil, beef, palm oil, and other products can all come from the clearing of forests) https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/52652, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science, Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center. Santos, E.; Ferro, S.; Vocciante, M. Chapter 5: Electrokinetic remediation. Scientists think that planting trees could reverse climate change, but planting trees isn't as simple as it sounds. Teds Bio; Fact Sheet; Hoja Informativa Del Ted Fund; Ted Fund Board 2021-22; 2021 Ted Fund Donors; Ted Fund Donors Over the Years. Repurposing sediment for ecosystem restoration, construction materials, and agricultural activities offers profitable alternatives to sediment as a waste disposal option, which are in line with policies around the world that support sediment as a resource. Indias forest production company is following the tenets of the master Japanese botanist, restoring biodiversity in resource-depleted communities. Its also not rare to see rain every day or at least on most days. It maintains a timeless appeal that most other forms of siding attempt to emulate. ; Rogers, J.D. In a year, his backyard had become a self-sustaining mini forest. The principles include: 1. The HCl was verified as the most effective acid solutions, followed by HNO, HS from the peanut straw, sesame straw, corn straw and deciduous leaves. The river Hornd, Slovakia; a fishpond, Gdll. Tessier, A.P.

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